-
-
Germany surpassed Britain to become Europe's leading industrial power.
-
Great Powers recognized Serbia's independence from the Ottoman Empire and put Austria-Hungary in charge of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
-
Bismarck reduced Russian threat in 1881 by forming an alliance w/ Russia & Austria-Hungary called the Three Emperor's Alliance.
-
Triple Alliance formed with Italy, Germany, & Austria-Hungary -
Was interested in creating an overseas empire.
-
Reinsurance Treaty- France takes advantage and formed an alliance with Russia in 1914.
-
Britain Joins France & Russia to create the Triple Entente
-
Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb trained by Black Hand, killed Archduke France Ferdinand in Sarajevo. He triggered the Great War.
-
In Aug 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany. Then the Russians suffered a disastrous defeat at Tannenberg, causing them to retreat. As the least industrialized of the great powers, Russia was poorly equipped to fight a modern war.
-
British & French troops pushed back the German drive along the Marne River - the first battle of Marne ended Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front.
-
Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum - Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot. It must even let Austria join in the investigation. Serbia agreed to most, but not all of the terms. The partial refusal gave Austria the opportunity it was seeking. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia.
-
-
-
-
1st Germany and then the Allies began using this. Blinded or choked its victims or caused agonizing blisters & burns; winds could move it around back on those who launched it.
-
Bulgaria joined Central Powers, helped defeat its old rival Serbia. Also in 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, then later Germany. Italians & Austrians fought 11 battles.
-
The Allies sent a massive force of British, Indian, Australian & New Zealander troops to attempt to open up the strait. Turkish troops trapped the Allies on the beaches of the Gallipoli peninsula. In Jan 1916, after 10 months & 200k+ casualties, the Allies finally withdrew from the Dardanelles.
-
Because of the stalemate on the Western Front, both Allies & Central powers launched massive offensives in 1916 - the 11 month struggle cost more than a half a million casualties.
-
In 1916 Arab nationalists led by Husayn ibn Ali (HOO sayn IB un AH lee) declared a revolt against Ottoman rule. Eventually, the Ottoman empire lost a great deal of territory to the Arabs, including the key city of Baghdad.
-
Austrians & Germans launched a major offensive against the Italian position at Caporetto; Italians retreated in disarray. British & French forces later helped stop the Central Powers’ advance into Italy. Still, Caporetto proved as disastrous for Italy as Tannenberg had been for Russia
