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Prince Henry saw the wealth of the Muslim city of Cueta when he helped conquer it. He then started a navigation school and allowed many people of the proffession to come and learn about sailing.
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When the emperor Hongwu died, there was a power struggle and his son Yonglo became emperor. Yonglo was curious about the world outside of China so he launched seven voyages of Zheng He.
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Zheng He was a Muslim eunch that had been taken from his village to be a playmate for the emperor. Some of his farthest expeditions were all the way to Arabia and eastern Africa.
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Johann Gutenberg, a craftsemen from Germany, reinvented movabled type in 1440. This made books easier to make and cheaper, so more of the population could learn to read.
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Donatello made a clasical form of David, which was the first large free-standing nude since ancient times. He made more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal his statue's personality.
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Constaintinople was an important city of the 15th century. After a 51-day siege by the Turks, it was turned the city into a Muslim outpost.
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The Hundred Years'War ended on October 19, 1453.Vctory had passed between the French and English, but the French rallied and drove out the English, except fro the city of Calais.
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In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias went so far down the continent of Africa that he reached the tip. He wanted to continue to India but his uspplies were dwindling so he went back.
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Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finaced a war against the Muslims. Isabella wanted to convert them to Christianity. After the war was over, Isabella convinced Ferdinand to finace Columbus's voyages.
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Christopher Coloumbus landed in the Bahamas, though he thought that he landed in the East Indies. He called the natives Indians because he miscalculated where he was.
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Portugal complained that the ine of Demarcation bcause they thought the line gave too much line to Spain. So Spain agreed to move the line west to include parts of modern day Brazil.
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Vasco da Gama continued to go eastward after the tip of Africa had been rounded. When he reached India he was amazed by the spices,silk, and other precious gems.
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When Amerigo returned to Europe after his voyages to the eastern coast of South America he claimed that the area was a new land. In 1507 a German mapmaker named the continent America after him.
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Leonardo DaVinci started painting the Mona Lisa in 1503/1504, and he kept working on it till his death in 1519. It is one of the most widely known paintings of all time.
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Nicolaus had observed the planets and stars. He didn't even publish his work until he is dying in 1743 because the Church was upset by him thinking that the Earth was not the center of the solar system.His ideas become the heliocentric model, in which the sun is the center of the universe.
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Michelanglo started to paint the ceiling of the Sitine Chapel in 1508 and finsihed in 1512. Michelanglo blended Christian and Greek ideals.
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Raphael finsished paitning his School of Athens in 1508. It has the Greek thinkers with Renaissance artists and philosphers. It shows the influence of the ancient Greeks on the Renaissance.
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Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the Prince in 1513. It is a guidebook for how a ruler can gain power and and keep it, even if he has enemies.
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Martin Luther, then a Catholic monk, posts his 95 thesis, or his 95 problems with the Catholic Church, on the door of the Wittenburg church. It started the protestant Reformation.
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Hernando Cortez landed on Mexico and then took the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. He then took their gold and made them work for him.
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As early as 1522, 20 slaves from Hispaniola attacked and killed several of their Spanish captors. Revolts continued in Spanish settlements during the 16th century.
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Frnasico meet the Inca emperor with an army of 200, against a 30,000. The Incan ruler Atahualpa left his men unarmed and the panish captured him, then used him to conquer the entire empire.
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The first part of Ivan the Terrible's reign was good, He was the first Russian to take the title czar and married into the powerful Romanov family. He gave Russia a code of laws and added lands. He then went into his bad period in which he becme paranoid and murderedmany people including his own son. His reign had a lasting impression on Russian history.
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Cartier landed at a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada and named the river the St. Lawerence. He also named an island Mont Royal, which later became the city of Montreal.
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Anne Boleyn was the mistress of King Henry the 8, he eventually divorced his current wife, Catherine of Aragon, for her. Since she did not bear him any sons, he had her beheaded on false charges of adultery
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Edward was the only son of King Henry the 8th, his mother(Jane Seymour) died from complications after birth. He ruled as king for onl 6 years, he had a regent over him for most of those years.
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The Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, were focused mainly on founding schools for classical studies and theology. They other mission was to convert non-Christians to Catholicism, and to stop Protestantism from spreading.
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Mary 1 ascended the throne after the death of her brother, Edward VI died. She reinstated the Catholic religion to England with violoence, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary".
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Charles V was a Hapsburg king who inherited Spain. He unwillingly agreed to the Treaty of Augsburg, which let German princes choose the religion for their territory. This gave them and many people more religios freedom than before.
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Elzabeth I became queen after the death of her half-sister Mary I. She often used her unmarried status to secure peace treaties and trade agreements for her country.
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Between 1562 and 1598, the Hugenots and Catholics fought eight wars. In Paris the Saint Batholomew's Day massacre sparked an six week national slaughter of the Hugenots. This dislike of the Hugenots probably lead to some of Cardinal Richelieu descions about them when he came to power.
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William of Orange helped the angry Protestant Dutch revolt when King Philip of Spain tried to tax them heavy and change their religion. To stop the Spanish army the Dutch had to flood many of their low lying areas. This loss of the Netherlands continued to make Spain weaker.
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When Spain was defeated it weakened them a little and it let the other countries have a chance to become more powerful. England also became more powerful after the battle in the English Chanel.
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European merchants wanted to bypass the Italians and trade with Asia. The English East India Company was founded in 1600.
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After Kepler studied Brahe's data, he concluded that mathmathical laws govern planetary movement. He also showed that the planets moved in a elliptical pattern, not a circular pattern. Kepler used mathamatic to prove his ideas, and so he showed that Copernicus was mostly right.
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The Dutch East India Company was richer and more powerful than the Enlish company. It drove out the English and established their dominace over Asian trade.
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Henry Hudson was looking for the Northwest Passage, but he did not find it. He did explore 3 other waterways, though-the Hudson Bay, the Hudson Strait, and the Hudson River
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William Shakespeare wrote many famous plays that are still popular today. His plays show a deep understanding of human beings and a mastery of the English language.
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Cardinal Richelieu took power when King Louis XIII reigned. The king was weak so the cardinal made many decesions for France. He made decisions against the Hugenots and fought the Hapsburgs by involving France in the Thirty Year's War.
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Charles the first always needed money for the many wars he was fighting, and when Parlient refused to give it to him he dissolved it. When he needed money in 1628, Parliemtn made him sign the Petition of Right, which hd four main points. Charles could not imprison subjects without due cause and impose martial law in peace time. He also could not hosue soldiers in private homes and he could not levy taxes without Parliment's consent.
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He used reasoning to prove things. His most famous quote is "I think, therfore I am." He also was one of the first people to use the alphabet to stand for the unknown in mathamatics. He and Francis Bracon came up with the scientific method, which is still used today.
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Hobbes was convinced that without goverment, life would be short and brutish. He thought that goverment was a sort of contract between the people and the ruler. The peoplegive up some of their rights and the goverment gives them law and order.
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King Louis becoming king of France had a big impact on France and several other countries as well. King Louis was a big supporter of the arts and fought many disastrous wars. His people were so tired of him ruling that when he died they rejoced.
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The Peace of Westphalia ened the Thirty Year's War. It had weakend the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria. It also did od much damage to Gemrnay that it did not becom a unified state until the 1800s. It also made the German princes free from the Holy Roman empire. The only coutnry that really benefited from it was France and it ended most religious wars in Europe.
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Since Prince Charles the second restored the monarchy his reaign was called the Restoration. Also during his reign Palriement passed habeas corpus, which gave every prisoner the right to be brought before a judge. The two main parties in parliment today grew olut of the opposition of who was going to inherit Charles the II's throne.
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The English thought that New Netherlands was a wedge between their colonies so Charles the second sent his brother the Duke of York to take the colony for England. They surrendered without a single shot fired.
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On April 9th, 1682, La Salle claimed all the land by the Mississippi River for France. He also claimed the Louisiana area.
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English Parliment drafting the Bill of Rights took several powers away from the ruler. The ruler could not suspend Parliement's laws and many other laws that gave more power to Parliement. This gives more people power than an absoukte monarchy does.
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Locke believes that people could govern their own affairs and and to look after the welfare of the society. According to him, all people are bron equal with three rights: life, liberty, and property. If a goverment fails to protect these rights, then the people can over throw them.
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Peter ther Great began building a new city in the swampy Swedish land. Ships could sail nearby and the area could become a good port, which Russia needed badly. Many people died in the building but eventually St. Petersburg became one of Russia most famous cities and helped the Russians become more involvd in other European affairs.
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When he was just 24, Newton discovered that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces. Newton's biggest discovery was of the law of gravity, which is still true today. Obviously, or else we would be floating around the school.
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In 1740, Marie Theresa took over Austria from her father. Frederick the Great assumed the since she was a woman, it would be easy to take over Austria. This rivallry eventually ended up in the Seven Year's War. It involved most of the European countries and Marie Theresa proved the she was a good ruler.
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The Baron believed that the goverment was made up of three powers; judicial, legislatie, and executive. He proposed that the seperation of these powers would help keep a goverment in check. Power would be a check to power.
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The French and Indian War was part of the Seven Year's War between Britain, France, and their allies. The war was fought foe territorial and colonial supremacy in Europe and the West Indies.
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In 1756, Frederick attacked Saxony, which was an Austrian ally. Soon after this attack almost every great European country was invloved in the war. The war didn't change the territories in Europe but it had an affect on the countires colonies on other continents.
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The Polish king was weak, so the neighboring countries Austria, Prussia, and Russia tried to get parts of Poland. In 1772, they each took a piece in the First Partiton of Poland. They took more in 1793 and 1795. They took over so much of Poland that it did not become an independent counrty again until after World War I.
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In 1773, Samuel Adams organized the dumping of tea from three British ships in the Boston Harbor. The raiders dumped 342 chests of tea into the water. This protest was to protest taxes on the colonies by the British to help pay for the French Indian War. This lead to the start of the Revolutionary War because after the Tea Party, King George II orderd the British navy to close the harbor. This infuriated many American colonists.
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Ctherine the Great was a German who ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796. She made many good reforms in the laws and through two wars with the Ottoman Turks, expanded Russia to the northern shore of the Black Sea. She had wanted to end serfdom but after the serfs revolted aganist here, she gave the nobles absolute power of them.
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British soldiers and the American militia exchanged shots at the village green in Lexington. The fighting then spread to to nearby Concord. When the news of the fighting reached the Second Continental Congress, the members voted to raise an army under the command of Georg Washington. This battle was the first of the Revolutionary War.
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The Second Contientenal Congress issued the Declaration of Independence. This document was based on John Locke's ideas of the Enlightenment. The Declaration included a long list of George II's mistreatment of the Americans. It also stated that the colonies were free from the British rule.
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Joseph ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790. H esupported freedom of worship, or press, and made legal reforms. His most radical reform was the abolisment of serfdom, and he also ordered nobles to pay the peasants that work for them.
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The Articles of Confederation had created a weak central goverment. The Constitution created a stronger central goverment and also did not eliminate the local goverments. In order for the Constitiution to become law at least 9 of the 13 states must approve it. To gain support they added ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights protected the freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. We still use the Bill of Rights and Constitution in today's goverment.
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After the French sided with the Americans, the battles started to swing into the favor of the colonies. In 1781, the American force of 9,500 Americans and 7,800 French had trapped the British army near Yorktown, Virginia. Unable to flee the leader, Lord Cornwallis had to surrender. This marked the end of the Revolutionary War.
