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A war between Christians and Muslims over holy land.
The Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1291.
Crossbows were in use.
Kings gained more power
Important because Christians and Muslims were fighting for their land. The Crusades also brought new changes to warfare and advances in trade between Italy and the holy land. -
War between the English and the French. In 1337, King Edward III (king of England) declared he was the king of France.
War was all about the territory between France and England. In 1360-1369 there is peace, so it wasn't really 100 years.
Joan of Arc comes to be during this war. -
Wiped out over 1/3 of the people.
Carried by fleas on rats.
The rats were on tradeships from Asia.
Important because it changed Europe economically and agricultarally. -
A peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang and his rebel army overthrew the Mongol empire. They founded the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty lasted for almost 300 years until 1644. During this time, China gained control of Kore, Mongolia and parts of Central and Southeast Asia
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1405-1433
In order to expand China's influence, Yonglo encouraged and sponsored voyages.
Zheng He was a Chinese muslim admiral, and between 1405 and 1433, He led seven voyages as far as Africa. Sailed wth as many as 300 ships. -
A girl with absolutely no military training convinced prince Charles of Valois to let her lead a french army. She was later burned at the stake by anglo-bundarian forces for witchcraft at the age 19 and in 1431. She is known as the Maid of Orléans.
Important because it brought more power to women. -
Big trigger for Europe to go west and trade. When the Ottomans do the trading, it's no longer in control of Christians
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Gutenberg put the letters of the alphabet on metal plates and locked said plates into a wooden press.
Until this, the only way to reproduce writing was by hand. -
Spanish rulers King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella paid Christopher Columbus to sail to China by going to the West, rather than the East.
Though Columbus found that when he sailed to the West, he came across something very different than Asia. He found the Americas. -
1492
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When Vasco da Gama sailed to India he found that in Africa, muslim merchants were already actively involved in trade.
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Concluded that the Earth orbited the sun, not the other way around. This is called the Heliocentric Theory. This was not a new theory, but Copernicus provided the math and science needed to help explain how the process worked.
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Planters and farmers wanted slaves for their plantations. Since buying slaves from Europe was too expensive, they began to buy slaves from Africa. The Africans were then entered in the traingular trade. Europe would trade goods for alsves and then some Africans would be sent to America to be bought.
1500-1800 -
1501-1722
East of the Ottoman empire, the Persian Muslims went by the Safavids.
They began building their empire around 1500.
Had many conflict with Ottomans and many other muslims. -
Columbus did not name America. Even though he made several more journeys to America, he believed it was Asia. His mistake was not found until Amerigo Vespucci discovered that Southern America was, in fact, not Asia. The continent was named after him.
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The Mona Lisa was painted in 1503 by Leonardo da Vinci, who is also the creator of The Last Supper. The Mona Lisa tries to capture "the complexity of the human spirit with its mysterious smile."
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Painted Sistine Chapel on the ceiling. The ceiling was his canvas.
His painting showed many things, such as scenes from the Bible.
This is important because he brought change to the world and encouraged art. -
Martin Luther reformed Christianity. He believed that it took faith in God, not good deeds, to gain God's grace. He would put up bulletins on church doors and many universities began to study it.
This is important because it reshaped regligion into a relationship with God, not a set of rules to follow. -
Ferdinand Magellan set out for Spain in 1519 with five ships and 250 men. Since his journey was long and difficult many of his men rebelled. After months Magellan's ships reached the Phillippines, where Magellan was killed by the natives. His men sailed on though, led by Juan Sebastián de Elcano. In early September of 1522, 18 survivors of the original crew arrived in Spain. They were the first to ever sail around the world.
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Bubar, a descendant of great conquerors of Asia, conquered India. He began his empire, a loose version of Mongol. He practiced religious tolerance, letting the people choose their religion.
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Picarro traveled to the Incas to find that smallpox had swept through recently killing many of the Inca, including their emperor. In wake of their emperor's death, a civil war had broken out. Pizarro demanded to the new emperor, Atahualapa, that he change to Christianity and hand over his empire. When he didn't, the Spanish killed him and then moved to Cuzco to take over the entire empire.
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After the Catholic refused to annull his marriage, Henry VIII founded his own Church of England
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In 1558 when Mary ("Bloody Mary") died, Elixabeth, second descendant of Henry VIII was crowned Queen of England. She was a protestant and, opposite of Mary who persecuted Protestants, would hang or burn Catholics; however not nearly as much.
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When Phillip II ruled over Spain, Spain was at it's peak. There was an abundance of gold and silver that came from the American colonies. Though that gold would not be able to solve Spain's porblems.
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Pope Paul III organized the Council of Trent in 1563. The members recognized that the Catholic religion needed some redefining and listened to what the Protestants were saying. A series of reforms addressed the corruption.
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The Age of Enlightenment, known as Age of Reason in the textbook, started in the 1600s.
Age of Reason was a time when people believed that reason could be used to solve all human problems. The Age of Reason reaked its peak in the 1700s and Paris was the center of intellectual activity. -
When the English sent settlers to the New World, they claimed a piece of land. The land was named Jamestown and is in present day Virginia. The settlers of Jamestown hoped to find gold and riches.
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In 1643 Louis XIV was crowned king of England. Louis was very young and he ran the kingdom with Cardinal Mazarin. At the age of 18, Louis announced he would run the government.
King Louis was determind to have a son to take his place. After many tries, he had a boy. King Louis died when his son was young, and then his son took after him. -
In 1644, the last Ming emperor killed himself in order to flee capture. The Manchu then formed their own dynasty and named it Qing (ching).
The Wing dynasty ruled from 1644 to 1911.
The Manchu were foreigners and initially faced heavy resistance from their Chinese subjects.
The government was equally distributed between the Chinese and the Manchu. These actions eventually gained the Manchu the respect and loyalty of many Chinese. -
Many people were bothered by Cromwell's death, including Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes wrote a book called Leviathan, which is now known as a classic work of political science. Hobbes argues in his book that people need a powerful monarch to tell them how to live their life.
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In 1653, Cromwell was titled Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. He demanded complete obedience from everyone in these countries.
In order to limit Spanish activities in America, he started a war with Spain.
Cromwell troubled many of the common people.
Died in 1658. Son took his place. -
Peter I became czar, derived from the term "caesar", when he ws only a child so his sister ruled. At the age of 17, Peter removed his sister from the throne and took his place as the czar. Czar Peter was a very impressionable man who did the best he could for his country, Russia.
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Catherine and many others hated Czar Peter III (her husband) for his weak rule. With the help of her allies, Catherine came into rule after her husband was murdered. Catherine was named czarina of Russia.
Catherine began to reform Russia. While doing so, she faced war from Poland where people wanted freedom from Russian influence. There was also a rebellion IN Russia. The rebellion convinced Catherine to come down hard on the reformation. -
The US Consitution, written by James Madison, separated America from the English. The Consitution also established a federal system for the Colonies. In 1791, ten ammendments were established for basic individual rights and they are known as the Bill of Rights.
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On July 14th, 1789, a mob of angry Parisians bombarded the Bastille. They stole weapons and freed the prisoners.
The King and Queen were later hung. -
During the French Revolution, many people were worried about the aftereffects. Some revolutionary leaders made changes to prevent a counterrevolution. This began a series of trials, accusations and executions that became known as the Reign of Terror.
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Napoleon was an amazing military leader. He was seen as a national hero in France. In Novermber of 1799, he seized the power of France.
The Directory, the government in France, was replaced by Napoleon's men the Consulate. Members voted Napoleon in charge as the first Consul.
Napoleon had become a dicatator. -
All throughout Europe, Napoleon's enemies were binding their forces to defeat him. The Duke of Wellington, Belgian Dutch and German troops were some of the many.
Important becasue both the French and British suffered huge losses at the Battle of Waterloo.
Casualties at at least 50,000 men.
The defeat of Napoleon ended his military career and the end of the Napoleanic Wars. -
The Tokugawa shoguns were run by Tokugawa Ieyasu. They were in Japan and they brought stability and order. Women had a very low status and they had to obey the male of their household. Started in 1603.
