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Renaissance means rebirth of classical ideas, art, and learning. New intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the "birth" of the modern world. Art was religious. Renaissance values are Humanism & Secularism.
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Prince Henry (the Navigator) founds navigation school in Portugal in 1418.
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He started a school for oceanic navigation. The students were trained in navigation, map-making, and science.
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Mehmet II, an Ottoman sultan, took Constantinople. He renamed the city Istanbul- capital of the Ottoman empire. This made the Ottoman Empire a political and economic power. This ends the (Christian) Byzantine Empire.
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Christopher Columbus goes on his first voyage in 1492. He's looking for a route to Asia. He ends up in the Americas.
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This treaty was ratified on July 2, 1494 in Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas was ratified on September 4, 1494 in Portugal. The Line of Demarcation divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain.
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Michelangelo was a Renaissance artist. He painted the Sistine Chapel's ceiling & sculpted David.
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Leonardo da Vinci is a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. He created the "Mona Lisa," which is a half-length portrait of a woman.
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Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo painted from a standing position and not a laying down position.
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"The Praise of Folly" is an essay written in Latin in 1509. It was first printed in 1511.
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Hernan Cortez was named commander. He had never been a commander before. His army consisted of 550 soldiers. Most of the soldiers hadn't been in combat before.
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Hernan Cortez and his men capture the Aztecs.
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169 Spanish soldiers under Francisco Pizzaro and their native allies captured the Incas in the Battle of Cajamarca. The Battle of Cajamarca was in 1532.
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Copernicus, a Polish scientist, developed the heliocentric theory. This theory said: the sun is the center of the universe, not the earth.
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Shakespeare is an English playwright and poet. It's believed that Shakespeare wrote "the Tragedy of Julius Caesar" around 1599. The play portrays the conspiracy against Julius Caesar, his assassination, and the defeat of the conspirators at the Battle of Philippi.
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Galileo was an Italian scientist. He supported the heliocentric theory. This began a conflict between the church and Galileo. His views went against the church's beliefs, and he was forced to recant his beliefs.
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Johannes Kepler was a German scientist. He discovered the laws of planetary motion. The laws of planetary motion said mathematical laws govern planetary motion. Kepler said that orbits were elliptical.
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Harvey was an English doctor. He published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals.
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Taj Mahal is a mausoleum that's located in India. It was built by Muhgal Emperor, Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife.
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Oliver Cromwell was an English military leader and political leader. Charles I was the monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was put on trial for treason, and then he was executed.
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Thomas Hobbes was an English thinker. He believed that humans are naturally evil. He thought that people need a governement.
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Charles II was a monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After the death of Oliver Cromwell, Charles II's chances of becoming king was slim. The English Parliament granted Charles II an annual income to run the government.
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The Palace of Versailles is a palace that is in France. This building is a symbol of absolute monarchy.
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Isaac Newton was an English scientist. He published Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy.
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This was the time where King James II was overthrown. William and Mary took the throne.
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This lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament. It also gives the people the right to petition without the fear of retribution.
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St. Petersburg is a city and federal subject that's located on the Neva River. St. Petersburg was the imperial capital of Russia.
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Radicals seized power. 20,000 Parisians invaded the palace where the royal family was staying. They then imprison Louis XIV, Marie Antoinette, and their children. Louis was tried for treason by the National Convention, found guilty, and sentenced to death.
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Montesquieu was a French writer. He came up with the seperation of powers. He came up with Checks and Balances.
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Rousseau was a Swiss writer. The Social Contract is free individuals agreeing to create a society and government to protect their rights.
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In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence, which proclaims the independence of a new USA from Great Britain and its king.
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The Declaration of Independence was based on Locke's ideas. This document argued for natural rights. The Declaration of Independence also listed grievances as justification for revolution.
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People gathered weapons in order to defend Paris against the King's Swiss mercenary army. They then attack the Bastille to get gunpowder.
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Maximilien Robespierre violently ruled France. His goal was to create a republic of virtue. This was to be done by wiping out every trace of monarchy, nobility, and religion.
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Napoleon's goal: unify Europe under French domination. He came up with Napoleonic code: comprehensive, uniform set of laws.
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The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests. The Congress of Vienna had 3 achievements: Containment of France, Balance of Powers, and Legitimacy.
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Before he died, Napoleon attempted to blockade England's trading access to Europe. Napoleon's attempt to unify Europe under French domination was unsuccessful. He also lost in the Battle of Waterloo, and he exiled to St. Helena.
