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Alfred Thayer Mahan
Mahan was a commission in the U.S. navy in 1859
Mahan spent the next two years making his career in the sea service published book 1660-1783 which focused on advancing state power
The sea brought immigrants to the shores of the new nations and served as a base for outward trade
Mahan book expanding westwinds assimilating half north american continent into its political union -
USS maine
-In January 1898, Maine was sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban war of Independence
-February 15, the Maine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 266 men
-Leaded to the Spanish american war
-Yellow journalism swept the nation and its a propaganda helped to precipiate military actions by the U.S. -
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Timespan (Theodore Roosevelt)
Roosevelt was elected governor of New York until the 1900 but became popular with the representatives party the elected VP under president Mckinely Sept. 14, Theodore became the 26th president because president Mckinely was assassinated
Established pelican island Florida as fed bird reserve and signs treaty with panama for building of panama canal and helped established Yosemite park and national park -
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Sanford B. Dole
Dole was a lawyer who led the provisional government while it worked out plans for the untied states to annex the islands
When president Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii because of the planters actions in seizing power, Dole served as Hawaii's president
After the outbreak of the Spanish american war congress then voted to annex Hawaii in 1898
Dole served as governor of Hawaii from 1900 to 1903
Dole pineapple company was named after him -
Theodore Roosevelt
-He was a rough rider because he left post as natural secretary become colonel of the first volunteer calvary
-Roosevelt charges up San Juan hill on his horse while the rough riders followed on foot and became a hero -
Open Door Policy
John Hays sent all the imperial countries a letter called the open door note, which urged them to announce that in their spheres of Influence
They would respect Chinese rights & the idea of the competition
The purpose was to give all the nations equal rights when trading w/ china so other European nations wouldn't use the boxer rebellion to take over china
Was aimed to enhanced global trade & promote China's welfare & sovereignty -
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Panama Canal
President Roosevelt oversaw realization of a long term us goal Trans-isthmian canal
Through the 1800's,america and British leaders and businessman wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coast
International trade influenced the political situation in order to build the canal -
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Dollar Diplomacy
-Was to create stability and order abroad that would best promote America commercial Interests.
-To improve financial opportunities to use private Capital further United States interest overseas
-Taft administration concentrated in assisting American businessmen in the protection and expansion of investment and trade , especially in Latin America and far east.If Latin American countries did not pay their debt the United States government sent marines to collect -
World War 1
-Leading by mid august to the outbreak of World War 1 which pitted Germany Austria Hungary and the Ottoman empire against Great Britain France Russia and Japan
-Militarism
-Alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism- Was occurring in Europe which led to the beginning of World War 1
-By the time WW1 ended in the defeat of central powers in November 1918 more than 9 million soldiers had killed
-Burt the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the spark that started WW1 -
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Weapons of Total War 3
Tanks
Purpose/Cause
-The development of tanks was a response to the stalemate of trench warfare
Effect
-It did a great deal to end the horrors of trench warfare and brought back some mobility of the western front
Canned Food
Purpose/Cause
-Canned Food in particular was a cheap source of sustenance and it was relatively easy to mass produce and deliver to soldiers
Effect-Became more widespread because it was cheap and more people became accustomed to eating packaged food -
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Total War Weapons Part 3
Airplanes
Purpose- Started Reconnaissance
Cause - Didn't have a way to bomb they used tanks but they were too slow
Effect-Introduced Aerial bombing and attacking troops on the ground from the air
Poison Gas
Purpose - Fatally injured victims
-Used to attack large armies
Cause - Germany wanted to stay ahead in the terms of gas warfare
Effects -About 79,000 soldiers were killed
Remained in soil for weeks Malang captain infected trenches of dangerous -
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Weapons of Total War Part 2
Machine Guns
-Fully automatic mounted or portable firearm,designed to fire bullets and quick succession from an ammunition belt
-Developed for more firing
-One of the most deadliest and devastating weapons
French Warfare
-Method of fighting where opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out trenches
-To construct a thought out system that underwent constant revision
-Protected men from machine guns -
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Weapons of Total War
-The use of unrestricted warfare was to have major impact on WW1 as it was one of the main reasons why America joined the War
-Naval or water mines are self contained explosive devices placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines
-Land mines are self contained explosive devices concealed under the earth -
Espionage act of 1917
It was extended to prohibit interference with artillery operations of recruitment
The penalty if constituted was 20 years of imprisonment and fines up to $10,000
In 1919 the supreme court of the untied states unanimously ruled through Schenck vs United States that the act did not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under to provisions -
The Fourteen Plan
President Woodrow Wilson was the author of the Fourteen points
It was a statement of the principles world peace
Negotiations in order to end WW1
Europeans welcomed the plan but congress and Wilson's colleagues In France,Italy and the United Kingdom rejected the plan
He was awarded a Nobel peace prize in 1919 for his Peace making efforts -
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Battle of Argonne
-The battle of Argonne forest was a major part of the final allied offensive of WW1
-Was fought from September 26,1918 until the armistice of November 11,1918 total of 47 days
-The battle cost 28,000 German lives and 26,277 Americans lives making in the largest and bloodiest operation of WW1 -
U.S. soldier Alvin York
-In 1918, United States corporal Alvin C York reportedly kills over 20 German soldiers and captures an addition of 32 at the head of a small detachment in the Argonne Forest near the Meuse River In France
-Several other Americans soldiers followed York's lead
-He was given credit for killing more than 20 German soldiers promoted to the rank of Sergeant -
Treaty of Versailles
-It was the peace treaty at the end of the war
-It ended The state of war between Germany and allied powers
-the surrender of German colonies of nation mandates
-But wasn't signed be the United States
-The provisions caused German expansion economic downfall and hyper inflation and vulnerability of the government people and led to the election of Hitler and the fascist party -
League of nations
Intergovernmental organization as a result of the Paris of Peace
Purpose was to maintain world peace
Weakness lacked their own armed forces that depended on the great powers, but they were reluctant to help
The league severely weakened when several major powers, such as the U.S. and Russia, failed to join
League provided incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers & countries withdrawing from the league -
Sinking of the Lusitania May 7,1915
-Occured during the first world war,as Germany waged submarine warfare against the UK
-Killed 1,198
-Contributed to the American entry into WW1 -
Zimmerman Telegram (Jan 1917)
Internal diplomate communication issued from the German foreign office that proposed a military alliance between Germany&Mexico in the event of the u.s entering WW1 against Germany.
Helped generate support for the US declaration of the war an Germany in April... -
Supreme Court of the Schenck V. U.S 1919
-U.S Supreme court ruled on March 3,1919.
-Schenk responded that the Espinage Act violated the First Amendment of the Constitution which forbids congress from making any law abridging the freedom of speech.
-"Clear and Present danger" test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit on Individuals free speech under the first amendment. -
American Expeditionary Force (1917-1919)
-Nicknamed AEF
-Consisted of the U.S army sent to Europe under the command of General John J.Perishing in 1917 to help fight in WW1
-Total of 1.3 million soldiers arrived in france.
-AEF fought in the France alongside French and British forces against German forces in the last year of war.
-The men in the AEF army were nicknamed Dough boys because of the white belts they wore. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
-He served as U.S senate
-He wanted a stronger navy and increase the U.S. Empire.
-Imperialism a policy extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.