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-Main ideology for China
-Founded by Confucius
-Oppressed women since women were under their husbands in a relationship -
-Struggle to survive
-The only salvation was Christianity
-After the fall of the Roman Empire
-Led to agricultural innovation
-Allowed for Europe to continue into a process of cerealization and urbanization.
-Used nitrogen-bearing crops such as clover, alfa alfa, and turnips -
-Major Muslim state at the time
-Caliph was the head and was revered to basically as divine
-Dubbed themselves the Shadow of God on Earth, as opposed to the Umayyad Caliph, which did not claim divinity
-Ended due to the invasion of Baghdad by the Mongols -
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-Filial piety, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism.
-Grand Canal expanded.
-Heavy use of champa rice, which was resistant to drought.
-Lots of steel and porcelain exports.
-Used paper money.
-Defaults to bureaucracy -
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-Better than the Low Middle Ages
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-Practiced pastoral nomadism
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-Series of “holy wars” where Christians tried to take back Muslim land.
-First Crusade was launched by Pope Urban II
-Says Deus Vult, which drives Christians to take land in the name of God -
-Liberal arts such as arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, music, logic, grammar, and rhetoric
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-Mostly Turkish people who had converted to Islam (outside of the caliphate).
-Some blending of Hindu and Islamic traditions. -
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-Guaranteed citizens right to a fair trial.
-Agreed to by King John of England -
-Golden Horde of Russia
-Ilkhanate of the Middle East
-Chagatai of Central Asia
-Yuan Dynasty of China -
-Absorbs what Ghana had
-Was notable for taxing the Transaharan Trade Network -
-Slave soldiers that overthrew their Mongol and Ayyubid masters
-Established their own kingdom
-Planned a Coup de tat and won in the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 and defeated the Mongols -
-The end of the Abbasid Caliphate
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-Travelled most importantly to China during the Yuan Dynasty, during Kublai Khan's rule
-Italian merchant
-Writes "The Travels"
-Mentions in the literature of how spectacular China is -
-Practiced religious tolerance.
-Traditional Chinese arts and literature grew. -
-Highly bureaucratic form of government.
-Used the devshirme system that took Christian boys at a young age and trained them to serve the state in positions such as Janissaries.
-Though it was officially Islamic, the Ottoman Empire ruled over millets (or communities that were not Islamic) who had to pay the jizyah tax to practice their own religion.
-Used firearms. -
-Known for the Black Death
-Europeans began expanding trade
-Huge demand for Asian goods, especially spices. -
-Mansa Musa obtained gold by taxing traders who entered and left Mali, his Islamic state kingdom
-Richest man alive
-Spread gold around during his pilgrimage
-Caused inflation -
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-Wrote about the regions he travelled to
-Islamic -
-Series of battles between England and France over the succession of the French throne
-King Edward of England says he is the rightful ruler of France
-Led to the creation of the longbows in England
-Led to the creation of cannons in Europe
-Overall weakens the state integrity of France and England -
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-Killed off 60% of Europe
-Travelled through trade routes, hitting the Italians first -
-Adherents would donate land to the church
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-Built Forbidden City.
-Revived civil service exam. -
-Allowed China to show it's glory to other states
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-Built chinampas– “floating gardens” or islands for agriculture over their swampy land.
-Human sacrifice. -
-Used quipus (knotted cords) in place of writing.
-Extensive road system.
-Terrace farming.
-Used Mita system as labor system– everyone had to work periodically for the state in some form (later taken by Spanish).
-Practiced censuses -
-Followed by mass production of books, namely the Bible
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-Constantinople is renamed to Instanbul
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-One of the largest states in African history
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-Spanish Empire used the hacienda and encomienda system, as well as a caste system based on race.
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-“New World” trades corn, potatoes, tobacco, and rubber.
-“Old World” trades livestock, smallpox, influenza, and coffee (the “Old World” side of this exchange will lead to the death of millions of Native Americans who are not immune to these diseases). -
-Obtains only Brazil
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-Start of European influence in the Indian Sea
-Went around the south of Africa towards India -
-Largest Sh’ia empire at the time– at odds with the Sunni Ottoman Empire.
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-Caused an entire branch of Christianity to be made, called Protestant
-Protestant is anything against the Catholic Church -
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-Akbar practiced religious tolerance, inviting people of different religions to debate with him and removing the jizyah tax. He also supported the arts.
-Aurangzeb, on the other hand, persecuted Hindus and Sikhs and contributed to the empire’s decline. -
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-Led to silver being traded across the globe
-Led to the enslavement and exploitation of the native populations in the Americas -
-Developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
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-Highly tolerant concerning religion
-Gained the support of many non-Muslims -
-Manila was a trading port
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-Responsible to the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India
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-Responsible centralizing the power of the nation's government and uniting its people.
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-Dominated trade in the Indian Ocean
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-Foreigners (the Manchu) rule China.
-New elite blend their ideas with old Han traditions.
-Enforce a single hairstyle and dress.
-Largest of the Chinese empires. -
-Catholic King James II was overthrown
-Replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange -
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-Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, skepticism, and science
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-Between the great powers of Europe
-Caused fights between the colonies of Europe as well. -
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-Caused by coal, iron, and the transition from cottage industries to factories
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-Declaration of Independence would be copied by other states
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-Louis XVI contributed nothing to the nation and just enjoyed himself in the Palace of Versaille
-20,000 women march from Paris to Versaille to force Louis XVI to go back to Paris so attend kingly duties
-He was still useless in Paris -
-Wanted to get rid of the monarchy
-Included the Reign of Terror, led by Maximilien Robespierre, in which many people who opposed Robespierre were massacred -
-Written by Olympe de Gouges, who fought for women's equality
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-Self-freed slaves fighting for their independence
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-Beginning of feminism.
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-The era in which Napoleon and France were attacking other nation in Europe for glory
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-Established by Napoleon
-Stabilized the French economy -
-Many led by Simon Bolivar.
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-Meeting to discuss the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
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-Battles between England and China, in which England wants China to open their ports to trade
-English dominates this battle -
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-First women's right convention
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-Rebellion against the Qing rulers of China
-France and the British assist the Qing rulers to put an end to the rebellion -
-America sent Perry to park ships outside of Japan's border
-Japan was forced to surrender and open up trade with the US
-Japan was given gifts of Westernization from America -
-Sepoys were Indian soldiers in the British Army
-Started because there were rumors of weaponry being made out of animal skin -
-Linked the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
-Ships from Europe no longer needed to travel around Africa -
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-Abolished slavery in the US
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-Restored traditional imperialistic rule to Japan
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-Steel instead of iron
-Japan is involved this time
-Search for new materials, such as palm oil and rubber, in which Africa has -
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-Beginning of European “scramble for Africa”.
-Called by Bismarck -
-U.S. acquires Guam, Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
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-Between the Dutch Boer and British
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-Boxers were Kung Fu martial artists in China
-Destroyed and killed anything related to industrialization or western idea in China
-Europeans come to China to put down the rebellion -
-The Japanese absolutely destroy the Russians
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