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Russia was in the final stage of a disastrous war in the Crimea
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Emancipation of the serfs was proclaimed in Alexander's Edict of 1861.
Serfs declared free
Landlords granted government bonds as compensation
Required to make 49 annual 'redemption payments' -
Believed the government must direct economic change
Treasury reformed
Subsidies offered to private railway and other industrial companies
Tariffs on trade lowered -
Zemstva took responsibility of education
Free primary education made available to all
Vocational schools set up at secondary level
Universities made self-governing -
Zemstva established at district and provincial levels
Given power to improve public services
Dominated by nobles; improved welfare and eductaion -
Single system of local, provincial and national courts
All classes judged equal before law -
Peter Lavrov encouraged around 2,000 young people to 'go to the people' in order to spread socialist ideas
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Conscription compulsory for all classes
Military colleges established
Modern weaponry introduced -
1877-78
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1879-80
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The People's Will succeeded in assassinating Alexander II with a bomb as he was travelling by coach to the Winter Palace
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He reasserted the principle of autocracy and abandoned his father's reforms
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Increased import tariffs by as much as 30%, to boost home production
Increased grain exports by forcing peasants to sell grain, to sell grain to state
Increased loans from abroad -
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Sought additional loans from abroad
Increased investment in mining, oil and banking
Encouraged European experts to oversee and advise
Achieved huge expansion of railway network -
Died at the age of 49
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Admitted he had little idea of how to rule
Determined to rule as his father had
Yet proved incapable of making firm decisions -
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Bolsheviks(majority) / Mensheviks(minority)
Bolsheviks: lead revolution on behalf of workers, refused to work with other parties, believed bourgeois and proletariat revolutions occur simultaneously
Mencheviks: open to all, willing to co-operate, Proletarian revolution only occur after bourgeois revolution -
Japan attacked Russian naval base at Port ARthur
Called for 'short, swift victorious war' to distract from political unrest
Russia surrendered the naval base at Port Arthur in December 1904 -
Outbreak of strike at Putilov works in St Petersburg, involving 150,000 workers
Father Gapon led a peaceful march of about 20,000 workers at winter palace, troops fired on marchers, killing over 100 -
Tsar issued a decree promising:
Civil liberties e.g freedom of speech
State Duma, elected by universal suffrage -
Mir system abolished
Redemption payments abolished
Peasant Land Bank established
Government subsidies to encourage settlement in Siberia -
Tsar claimed his right to:
exercise supreme autocratic power
initiate legislation and approve laws
appoint and dismiss ministers
summon and dissolve Duma
rule by decree -
Dominated by Kadets and radicals
Demanded radical constitutional change
Dissolved -
Peter Stolypin increased number of Octobrists
Bolsheviks and SRs participated - increasing radicals
Opposed most Tsarist proposals
Dissolved -
Reduced representation of peasants and workers
Octobrists and Conservatives dominated
Still some disputes - twice suspended -
Miners went on strike
500 killed when army intervened -
Right and left wing deputies couldn't co-operate
Voted for war credits in 1914
Suspended after demanding more power in 1915 -
As the vast Russian army was assembled, there was a surge of patriotism
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Despite lack of military experience
Nicholas was held responsible for the failure of Brusilov offensive, and other mistakes -
20,000 workers from Putilov 22 Feb
Over 200 demonstrators 23 Feb -
Petrograd garrison mutinied, joining protestors
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Encouraged by his ministers and generals, Tsar abdicates in favour of his brother, who refuses
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After Tsar, left with provisional government and Petrograd Soviet
Prince Lvov became prime minister with a government of mainly Octobrists and Kadets
Alexander Kerensky, on executive committee of Soviet (only socialist)
Both agreed for:
civil liberties
amnesty for political prisoners
abolition of capital punishment and exile
appointment of independent judges -
Lenin returned from exile in Switzerland
Demanded all power be given to Soviets, end to war and land for peasants -
Armed uprising by soldiers, sailors and factory workers in Petrograd on 3-4 July
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Kornilov believed he could restore strong government and prepared to bring loyal troops to Petrograd.
Kerensky asked the Petrograd soviet to help defend city -
Lenin announced the seizure of power in the name of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the Petrograd Soviet
Decree on Peace called for immediate end to war
Decree on Land declared all land property of the people
Decree on Workers' Control gave workers control of factories
Ranks and titles were abolished
Banks nationalised
Church lands nationalised -
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To ensure army was supplied with food and weapons
Grain requisitioning
Industry in state control
Food rationing -
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End to grain requisitioning
State control of railways, coal, iron, steel
Small businesses and private trade allowed -
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increase production by 300%
develop heavy industry
boost electricity production by 600%
double output from light industry -
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Continue development of heavy industry
New emphasis on light industries
Develop communications -
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Autonomy to regions
Elections every four years
Civil rights -
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Stalin taken by surprise
After 3 weeks 1 million troops killed -
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