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I believe that the most important events are the invention of writing, the invention of law, and the need to conquer. Writing is how we know what we know today because ancient people left records, so we can learn their way of life. Law is the structure for how these people lived and how they prevent total chaos. The need to conquered is what united people, even though it was somewhat unethical, it brought ideas and concepts together to propel the world forward.
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Around 3000 BCE, the Mesopotamians invented the vey first style of writing called cuneiform. It was a pictograph system that they used for record keeping.
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This was the first phase of Ancient Egypt. The most notable events that took place during this time was the construction of the pyramids, the sphinx, and burial sites for pharoahs.
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King Sargon the great was very ambitious, which caused him a desire to unite the Mesopotamian cities. He did this by creating the very first standing army, which is just a permanent and official army, unlike a milita.
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Both the first and second intermediate periods were similar. They were unstable times in Egypt were rival groups fought for control.
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King Ur-Nammu united most Mesopotamian states and installed a complex bureaucracy system that was much more effective than anything else at that point.
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During this period Mentuhotep II, reunites Egypt by winning the civil war and makes Thebes the new capital. This led to more stability for Egypt throughout the Middle Kingdom.
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The Code of Hammurabi was created by the Babylonian King Hammurabi. It was a set of over 200 codes, that basically state, that if you cause someone a problem then a problem will be caused for you.
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This was a very prosperous time for Egypts and some of its most famous pharaohs ruled, like King Tut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II.
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Egypt decided to gain more land, they conquered Canaan, Northern Nubia, and most of Syria. They then exploited these lands for its resources.
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Manetho, an Egyptain priest came up with the concepts of the Old, Middle, and New kingdoms. He also created the concepts of the Intermediate periods.