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It begins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 -
Charlemagne crowned Emperor in Rome. -
We associate navigational instruments with the Renaissance because they allowed Europeans to enter unknown lands, but all of this was possible thanks to a medieval invention: the compass. -
The origin of the musical notes - Do-Re-Mi-Fa-Sol-La-Si -, as they are known today, is due to Guido D'Arezzo, a Benedictine monk, musical theorist and central figure in the music of the Middle Ages. -
In the middle of the Middle Ages, the Church of the West was celebrating a thousand years of existence and, looking back, some popes such as Leo IX and Gregory VII realized that in many ecclesial spheres the supernatural end of the Church had been abandoned and they had given themselves to the temporary goods.
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Romanesque art was an artistic style that spread throughout much of Europe between the 11th century and the early 13th century.
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One of the most used musical genres in the Middle Ages is the conductus, like many other genres, it is thought to have originated in 12th century France and gradually grew and flourished more and more, especially thanks to the Parisian School of Notre-Dame.
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During this period composers experimented with cantus firmus. Known composers during this period were Johannes Ockeghem, Jacob Obrecht, and Josquin Desprez.
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This period started with the fall of the Byzantine empire, in 1453, -
Johannes Tinctoris, a theorist, announces the rebirth of music in his "Liber de arte Contrapuncti". This new form of music continued to flourish in the Religious forms such as masses, anthems, psalms, and motets. Towards the end of the period, some composers started to adopt more secular forms, such as the madrigal. -
Colombus discover America in 1492 -
Renaissance humanism, also referred to as classical humanism, is the study of various antiquities which began in Italy during the Renaissance era and spread across Europe.
Renaissance humanism was used to differentiate the development of humanism during the Renaissance era from the earlier ones. -
In the 16th century, Martin Luther, a German monk, led the Protestant Reformation, a revolutionary movement that caused a split in the Catholic church. Luther questioned many of the practices of the church and whether they aligned with the teachings of the Bible. As a result, a new form of Christianity, known as Protestantism, was created.
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Temporarily eased the tensions arising from the Reformation, by allowing the legal co-existence of Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. -
Today satellite imagery is used to verify the measurements, shapes and locations of important geographic features. The maps of the world today are more accurate than they used to be. With no satellite view, old world maps could only be based on what was known or imagined about the world at the time they were drawn. -
The Baroque was characterised by a pessimistic view of life and the
importance of feelings. -
Some say that she may have died of blood poisoning, brought on by her use of a lead-based makeup known as “Venetian Ceruse” (or “the spirits of Saturn”). -
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, in which most of the great European powers of the time took part. This war marked the future of the whole of Europe in the following centuries.
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Pedro Pablo Rubens: The horrors of war. 1638. Oil on panel. 206 × 345 cm.
Pitti Palace, Florence. -
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer, organist, harpsichord, conductor, violinist, viola player, chapelmaster, singer, and teacher of the Baroque period.
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The Four Seasons is a group of four concertos for violin and orchestra by the Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi. -
The Classical period begin in 1730 -
The Baroque ends when Johann Sebastian Bach died. -
The revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture or music.
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the most influential, popular and prolific composers of the classical period. A child prodigy, from an early age he began composing over 600 works, including some of the most famous pieces of symphonic, chamber, operatic, and choral music.
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The United States Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. -
The Renaissance ended with the French Revolution in 1789 -
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century. The movement began around 1790 and gained momentum by 1800; after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement.
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Mozart's Requiem is a choral masterpiece whose genesis is shrouded in mystery, one that makes the piece all the more fascinating and emotionally stirring. -
A portrait of Napleon I of France in his coronation costume, painted by the French painter Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres. -
Franz Liszt, the virtuoso pianist and composer, was the most famous concert superstar of the 19th century. He was born in what was then the Austrian Empire.
He was born in Hungary, and he dies in Germany. -
The Classical period ends in 1820 -
The Romantic period defended individuality, subjectivity and creative freedom. -
Started in Great Britain, spread to the rest of Europe. As a result, a large number of people emigrated to cities and overseas colonies.
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John Keats was an English Romantic lyric poet whose verse is known for its vivid imagery and great sensuous appeal.
He died in Roma at the age of 25. -
Considred one of Beethoven's greatest works, Symphony 9 is notable not only for its length and complexity, but for the fact that he introduced vocal soloists and a chorus into the final movement, as if the purely instrumental form of the classical symphony could not express all that he felt. -
Known as “El Libertador” across South America, Simón Bolivar helped to sow the seeds of rebellion and independence in many countries in the northern parts of South America. -
Alfonso XII is remembered by Spanish history as the first to be able to consistently propose a monarchical regime that contemplated the opinion of the people, by founding a parliamentary type of government and signing the most lasting Spanish Constitution, in 1876.
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The Romantic period ends in 1910.
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