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Steam Engine
Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen. Made one specifically for removing water from a mine. -
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Edmund Burke
known as a founder of Conservatism which rejects the ideas of natural rights. That government is a product of generations of labor and cannot be installed quickly into a country. -
The Flying Shuttle
Makes weaving a quicker/easier process. Invented by John Kay, “the shuttle, containing the thread, to be shot backwards and forwards across a much wider bed. The flying shuttle also allowed the thread to be woven at a faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving to become faster” (John Kay and the Flying Shuttle, n.d.). -
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The Industrial Revolution
This revolution was a shift from Agrarian, handicraft, local, labor, intensive economy to one dominated by machine manufacture, division of labor, factories and cities. Origins of the Industrial Revolution include growing wealth, rapid population growth (1800-187 million, 1850-266 million), expansion of agriculture as more people are selling goods for a market and not just for local consumption, consolidation, and new technologies including the steam engine and the spinning jenny. -
Modified steam engine
1760's-James Watt modifies steam engines. This revolutionizes industry. Factories can now be built anywhere and power was more consistent. Mining becomes a major industry. Steam engines required strong metals to withstand force which sparks growth in the iron/steel industries. -
The Spinning Jenny
Speeds up the process of spinning thread. 6 to 24 times more productive. By 1800, 200-300 times more productive. Invented by James Hargreaves. -
Romanticism
emphasis on feeling. All mankind is rational and reasonable. Emphasize the individual: individual passion and responses. Enlightenment philosophers saw history as linear progress. Romantics= emphasize the unique characteristics of different cultures and unique expressions of human creativity. -
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Robert Owens
New Lanark in Scotland. Lots of money in textile trade, factory systems was degrading workers, provided is workers with higher wages as well as more time off, certain amenities to enhance quality of life and more spacious living. -
Power Loom
Development of a power loom. Loom ran by water power or mill. Brought workers together into “manufactories. -
Reflections on the Revolution in France
This book wrote by Edmund Burke sees natural rights as too abstract. A concept to be used in politics. Burke argues that rather than overthrowing system of government in pursuit of natural rights. That they should slowly and incrementally improve the systems that already exist. -
New industries and technologies revolutionized transportation
1800's-Led to the growing need for better roads, building of canals, and railroads. Theoretical advances in the Division of Labor. Social Changes such as urbanization and Middle Class Life. Rising professions. Culture comfort. Working Class Life. Relief and Reform: workers began organizing mutual aid societies. Political reform: workers began advocating for political rights. In Britain. Workers made up the majority of the Chartist movement. Parliament rejects Chartists demands in 1839 and 1842. -
Nationalism
1800’s. Civic nationalism- define the nation as those living in a particular state. Romantic/ethic nationalism-celebrates ethnic identity. Nation derives from Latin- Nasci. Nation means identity given to you by birth. State-sovereign control over territory, government and boundaries. Nation-state-the people who live in the state are all members of the same nation -
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European Imperialism
“From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, Western Europe pursued a policy of imperialism that became known as New Imperialism. This New Imperialist Age gained its impetus from economic, military, political, humanitarian, and religious reasons, as well as from the development and acceptance of a new theory—Social Darwinism— and advances in technology” (The Age of Imperialism, n.d.). -
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Charles Darwin
Darwinism, Evolution. Wrote “On the Origin of the Species” in 1859. Studied birds in the Galapagos on the H.M.S. Beagle. Animals in the natural world are in constant fight for survival, that only the strongest survive. Through chance, accident, passing on of beneficial genes. Wrote “Descent of Man” in 1871. Suggests that man is an accident. -
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Congress of Vienna
Primary figure is the conservative Austrian diplomat Klemens Von Metternich. Primary aims were to restore stability, restore the balance and power of Europe, and restore/maintain a more conservative/traditional European Elite. -
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Restoration of Monarchy
In France, Louis XVIII-brother of Louis XVI is restored. The restoration of monarchy also occurs in Spain and Portugal. -
Italy unifies
Italy was comprised of a collection of independent states and kingdoms. Nationalists sought to unite Italy. Risorgimento, Giuseppe Mazzini who was the founder of Young Italy and led a number of uprising which all failed. Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was the architect of Italian unification. Uses wars and alliances to unify Italy. -
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Concert of Europe
An agreement between the five major powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and France. A cooperative body designed to maintain political stability and the balance of power. -
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Otto Von Bismarck
Architect of German unification. Prime minister of Prussia. Used war and nationalism to consolidate Prussian Power. Success in war creates sense of German unity. Austro-Prussian war (1866). Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871 leads to the creation of a German empire. 1871-Proclamation of the German empire. William I proclaimed Kaiser. -
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Karl Marx
Born in the German state Trier. Received Phd from University of Jena. Focuses on Industry. -
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Liberal revolts in Spain
And is crushed by the help of France. Liberal Revolts in Latin America (1816-1821), Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1821), Russia (1825)-Decemberists, a liberal revolution crushed by the Tsars. -
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Herbert Spencer
Applies Darwin's theory of evolution to humanity. Survival of the fittest. Applies to human races, nations, economics. Justification for liberalism, eugenics, Imperialism, slavery in the American south, libertarianism. -
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Revolutions of 1830-1832
France in 1830. Liberal rebellion against conservative monarchy of Charles X. Charles X abdicates after three days of street fighting in Paris. Louis Philippe support the middle classes, not the workers which causes class tensions. Revolutions in France inspired other revolts. Belgium was a successful revolution against the Dutch Monarchy. Italy was a failure of nationalists uprisings. Poland was a failure of nationalists uprisings. France (1832) was a failure of democratic uprisings. -
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Friedrich Nietzsche
The only way man can overcome dispari is by pairing power because power gives freedom. Nihilism- nothing matters. No morality-social construct. Existence of man is meaningless and because they are meaningless, man has to create their own meaning. -
Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, It outlines Marx’s vision for the future. Based on his understanding of the past, only believed in material world, materialist and atheist, human history was governed by laws, history is progressive to a particular end/purpose. Dialectical Materialism- Thesis, necessarily having an antithesis, Synthesis. Thesis→Antithesis→Synthesis. All of human history can be described as a class conflict. -
Rebellions
rebellions and uprising sweep across Europe. In France, Democratic and class conflict. In Germany, Liberalism and Nationalism, Liberals seek to create a unified German state. In Italy, Nationalism and Liberalism. In Austria, Nationalism and Liberalism. These revolutions demonstrate the growing significance of the lower classes and their dissatisfaction with livealis, and the limited goals of liberalism. New focus on social reform and economic equality. -
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The Crimean War
“Stemmed from Russia’s threat to multiple European interests with its pressure of Turkey. After demanding Russian evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, British and French forces laid siege to the city of Sevastopol in 1854. The campaign lasted for a full year, with the Battle of Balaclava and its “Charge of the Light Brigade”. Facing mounting losses and increased resistance from Austria, Russia agreed to the terms of the 1856 Treaty of Paris” (History.com Staff, 2009). -
On Liberty
John Stuart Mill writes “On Liberty” Individualizes liberties and natural rights. The purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of the individual. -
Giuseppe Garibaldi
a romantic and revolutionary nationalist defeated and took control of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Handed control over to King Emmanuel II. Victor Emmanuel II declared King of Italy in 1861. Papal States were annexed in 1870. In 1871, Rome was declared the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. -
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Imperialism
Imperialism by definition means “a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.”