The Nineteenth Century: Romanticism to Realism By luciiaparicio_ 1800 • Romantic movement begins 1800 • Age of Progress and the Industrial Revolution 1804 • Ludwig von Beethoven composes the Third Symphony (Eroica) in honor of Napoleon Period: 1804 to 1815 • Napoleon becomes Emperor of France and much of continental Europe 1805 • William Wordsworth, The Prelude 1808 • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust 1812 • George Gordon, Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 1812 • Napoleon’s army invades Russia and is routed 1815 • Napoleon is defeated and sent into exile; European monarchies are restored at the Congress of Vienna 1818 • Mary Shelley, Frankenstein 1819 • Walter Scott, Romantic novelist, Ivanhoe 1819 • John Keats, “La Belle Dame sans Merci” 1825 • Russian military officers attempt to establish a constitutional government in the failed Decembrist uprising of 1825 1826 • Victor Hugo, Les Misérables 1827 • Heinrich Heine, “The Lorelei” Period: 1831 to 1836 • Darwin voyages aboard the Beagle 1833 • Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet and novelist publishes Yevgeny Onegin 1837 • Victorian era in England begins as Victoria is crowned 1842 • Honoré de Balzac, combines Romantic and Realist elements in his collection of novels and short stories The Human Comedy 1848 • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels develop theory of scientific socialism in The Communist Manifesto 1848 • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte becomes president of France in the Revolution of 1848 Period: 1849 to 1850 • Charles Dickens, David Copperfield 1852 • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor Louis Napoleon III; Second French Empire begins 1857 • Charles Baudelaire, Fleurs du Mal 1857 • Charles Baudelaire, Fleurs du Mal 1859 • Charles Darwin develops a theory of biological evolution in On the Origin of Species Period: 1859 to 1885 • Alfred, Lord Tennyson combines Romanticism with Victorian standards in Idylls of the King 1861 • Italy is unified 1861 • Emancipation Edict frees Russian serfs from enslavement 1865 • Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace 1865 Age of the Russian Novel 1866 Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment 1870 • French poets Paul Verlaine and Arthur Rimbaud help found the Symbolist movement Period: 1870 to 1871 • Franco-Prussian War 1871 • Germany is unified Period: 1871 to 1890 • Otto von Bismarck becomes German imperial chancellor and virtual dictator 1875 • Third French Republic is established 1879 • Henrik Ibsen ushers in Realism in drama with A Doll’s House 1880 • French writer Émile Zola and his followers found the Naturalist movement Period: 1880 to 1893 • Guy de Maupassant perfects a brief form of the short story 1881 • Social unrest grows in Russia; Czar Alexander II is assassinated by terrorists; succeeding czar steps up repression of liberalism 1898 • Anton Chekhov’s play The Sea Gull is the first production of the Moscow Arts Theater 1898 • Spanish-American war 1898 • Marie and Pierre Curie discover first radioactive element