-
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
There was a scientific revolution during this period.All because of the creation of schools, universities, scientific societies and research centres to support the industrialisation process.
Academic prestige is a sign of social prestige. Many scientists became well known public figures or were hired by members of the upper class to give lectures or write articles.
Experimentalism of the new society, always looking for new discoveries or technologies that would improve living conditions. -
LITERARY MOVEMENTS-Naturalism and Realism
Realist literature was developed by authors such as Honoré de Balzac (France), Charles Dickens (England), Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Russia) and Benito Pérez Galdós (Spain).
Naturalistic writers depicted everyday reality with extreme realism. In naturalistic works, people would change for the better if their living conditions changed. Émile Zola and Emilia Pardo Bazán were important naturalistic writers.
Writers in both movements wrote representing reality in the form of a social critique. -
Period: to
SUFFRAGISM AND FEMINISM
Because of the injustices that women were suffering, especially in Great Britain, began to form groups calling for gender equality. Their main demand was the right to suffrage or to vote, that`s why they became known as suffragists, or suffragettes in Great Britain. Later they began to demand changes to their economic situation, equal opportunities for education and equality before the law. -
First system
Known as the League of the Three Emperors, this was an alliance between the Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian empires. -
Period: to
Second system
Bismarck made a bilateral agreement with Austria (Dual Alliance). Italy later joined the agreement, forming the Triple Alliance. Bismarck also revived the League of the Three Emperors. -
Third system
The German chancellor reinforced the Triple Alliance and signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Russian tsar. This treaty guaranteed Russian neutrality in the event of an attack by France. Bismarck also signed the Mediterranean Agreements with Great Britain, Italy, Austria and Spain. -
Period: to
Armed peace
After Bismarck resigned in 1890, two opposing diplomatic blocs formed in Europe: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy) and the Triple Entente (Russia, France and Great Britain). -
SUFFRAGISM IN SPAIN
Because of Spain’s limited industrial and cultural development, and the power of the Catholic Church suffragism didn't began before. Women’s initial demands were related to motherhood and certain civil rights.
Novelist Emilia Pardo Bazán criticised the political advances made by liberal men because they had actually increased inequality between men and women.
Writer and activist Concepción Arenal believed that women should not be restricted to the traditional roles of wife and mother. -
Period: to
Tension arises (I)
France and Germany were on the brink of war over control of Morocco, a territory that Germany wanted for its strategic value and because of the raw materials it could provide for German industry. -
Tension arises (II)
Two Balkan Wars begin. In the first, an alliance of Balkan countries– Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece–declare war on the Turks, leading to the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Europe. In the second, the former allies fight each other. Serbia, which had the support of the Russians, benefited from this war. -
Period: to
EMMELINE PANKHURST
She is considered the most important British feminist of her time, but he was criticised by her contemporaries for the very aggressive methods that she used to make her views known. She spent years touring, giving speeches and participating in marches. She suspended her activities during the First World War to support the war effort, and after women got the right to vote in Great Britain, she was active in politics and ran for Parliament.