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The Romans called the people living beyond Roman borders "barbarians" the meaning of this word is foreign but also savage.
Like for example the Huns,they were descendents of Asians. -
In the 3rd century the Roman Empire suffered a crisis,that led to a wave of migrations across the borders.
A lot of Germanic tribes throwed many attacks on Roman towns and some made peace with the empire. -
The emperor Theodosius divided the Empire into 2 halves:
The Western Roman Empire (his capital was Rome).
The Eastern Roman Empire (his capital was Constantinople) -
The Western Roman Empire ended because of the attacks of the Germanics and formed smaller kingdoms between the 5th and 7th centuries.
But the Eastern Roman Empire (a.k.a the Byzantine Empire) lástima 1000 years more. -
The Byzantine Empire was rules by the basileus/emperor.
They had a pyramid structure from the top to the down.
The social classes are:
The basileus.
The Patriach of Constantinople,the high clergy...
Artisans,merchants,soldiers...
Servants and slaves. -
parts of Greek culture and Latin was replaced by Greek. The Byzantine Empire was the cultural centre of the Mediterranean. Because of trade and its locación there were cultural exchanges.Greek culture and Orthodox religion became popular in Eastern Europe.
The Byzantines built churches that had Greek cross plans and domes. The interiors were riches decorated with mosaics and icons. -
It was the greatest period of glory in the Byzantine Empire.
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It originales in the 7th century on the Arabian Penunsila when Muhammad preached a monotheistic religion.The god name was Allah. In the Mecca they didn't belive him. -
The Quran is their sacred book and it estableces five rules.
Faith (that there was only one god and Muhammad was their prophet).
Prayer (they need to pray 5 times a day facing towards Mecca).
Piligrame (to Mecca at least once).
Fasting (in Ramadan).
Charity (to the people in need). -
The caliph was the highest religious,political and military. The officials that helped the caliph to rule were:
The viziers (that were ministers).
The qadis (that were judges).
The walis (that were provincial governors)
The emirs (that were provincial governors with military authority).
Their society was divide in ruling aristicracy,middle classes and lotería class. -
They brought gunpowder,the compases and the astrolabe their invention and discoveries had a Hugo impact.
Astronomy: detailed maps of celestial bodies.
Maths:the use of the number 0,the invention of álgebra and the perfección of arithmehic and trigonometry.
Medicine:advanced techniques in surgery and anaesthesia.
Chemistry:the discovery of sulphuric and nitric acid and the first methods for distilling alcohol. -
This was the event that marked the beggining of the Muslim calendar. It was when Muhammad fled to Medina to tell them about the Islam. He buily an army imand 8 years later he conquered Mecca. After his death there were 3 caliphates:
Orthodox.
Omeya.
Abbasid.
The muslims créate a vast Empire by the jihad. -
There were magnificent works of art were made in a lot of areas especially in architecture.
Plastic,brick...Were used as building materials.
Buildings had columns,pillars and many arches.
They were decorated with geometric patterns,floral motifs and inscriptions.
Walter was a key aesthetic elementos because of its sound,how it reflecta light and its symbology. -
The East-West Schim was a split between the Orthodox church that recognised the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Roman Cahotlic Church that only accepted the authority of the Pope. -
Because of the lack of resources to defend their selfs the Turks captured Constantinople