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Napoleon seized Italy. He controlled northern Italy, and developed government.
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Early in Napoleon's military career, he lead an expedition to Egypt to disrupt British Trade. Several battles took place, which the majority Napoleon lost. Although he didn't do well in Egypt, he was able to hide his failures in battle. Citizens of France were awed by his skills, they didn't uncover his loss.
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When Napoleon became political leader, he set up a three-man governing board. This board became the Consulate. This took the place of the weak directory.
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Napoleon established the National Bank of France to restore the economy. As a result, it economically reestablished France.
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The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon and the Pope. It solidified the Catholic church, and it reestablished Catholicism in France.
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Napoleon brought military success to France. He lead France in many battles, the majority of them he won. As he continued to grow successful, he moved to a political leader. After reclaiming the Louisiana Territory for France, he called himself Consul for Life.
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The Napoleonic Code was a reform of laws in France. It put the equality of citizens over the law, abolished feudalism, and granted the right to property to French citizens. Although it positively effected some people, it also had a negative outcome. Women lost most of their rights, and men were allowed to control their wives and children.
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After several years of desiring power, Napoleon was finally crowned Emperor of France. He disliked the term king. Napoleon felt kings never made differences, and emperors were unique and especial. To emphasize his power, Napoleon took the crown out of the Pope's hands at his coronation and crowned himself. He wanted everyone to understand the throne was no one else's but his. With holding so much power, Napoleon will lead France to be the foremost power in Europe.
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Napoleon was planning to invade Britain. He wanted the French Empire to continue to expand. Britain was against Napoleon, and didn't want to give up their land. Although they lacked a strong army, they had a strong naval force. As Napoleon lead the French on the sea, Britain awaited ready to defend. Fought off the south coast of Spain, the Battle of Trafalgar sent the French home with a defeat. Napoleon failed to furthermore expand his empire.
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The Continental System was created to cut the trade routes with Britain after France's loss at the Battle of Trafalgar. The system didn't succeed; Britain replied by blocking European ports. The trade restrictions made goods in Europe scarce, sending the prices high. With all the economic struggles, France lost Russia as an alliance. The system overall caused tensions with France.
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In 1806, Francis ll laid down his crown and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. This lead towards many territorial gains for Napoleon.
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Spain was controlled by Napoleon. He passed reforms to undermine the Catholic Church, but many citizens remained loyal to their king and devoted to the church. Spaniards first resisted the invasions, but the French responded with repression. Spain wanted the French to leave. They conducted guerrilla warfare, and French soldiers were stuck in Spain. Napoleon lost part of his army, when he needed them elsewhere.
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Russia was once an ally to Napoleon. Czar Alexander l was promised half of Europe if he helped expand the continental system. The Czar withdrew from Napoleon's promise after the system created negative economic effects. Napoleon lead an army (Grand Army) to invade Russia. The Russians headed east and burnt crops and villages to starve the French. As the French headed towards Moscow, Napoleon realized he wouldn't be able to supply his army. He lost the majority of his army, and fell from power.
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The invasion of Russia left France weak. Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia formed an alliance against France. At Leipzig, Napoleon was defeated, and stepped down from his power.
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After the defeat at Leipzig, Napoleon stepped down from power. He was sent to an island in the Mediterranean. The throne was restored by Louis XVlll, but he was unable to rule France like Napoleon. Although he accepted his policies, an economic depression spiraled. Unhappy with the new king, many citizens wanted Napoleon back. Louis XVlll fled France afraid. Napoleon returned from his island, and entered France ready to reassemble the country.
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The Hundred Days lasted from March 20, 1815 to July 8, 1815. They marked the date when Napoleon returned to Paris, and the date Louis XVlll returned to Paris. Napoleon tried to gain back his power, but was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. As an outcome, the French Empire once again became weak.
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The allied forces (Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia) disliked Napoleon's rise back to the throne. They both met at Waterloo, a city in Belgium. The French was once again defeated. Napoleon fled France for the second and final time.
