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Books were usually only owned by the wealthy and powerful groups such as the church. With the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg in 1440 books become more common, and mass produced, but also colleges and new writers arose. Alowing more to recieve a more formal education and influenced a seperation from the Catholic church for some groups.
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The Renaissance was a cultural revial that occoured after the middle ages, its influence was prominent in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, and religion.
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Luther nailed the 95 Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517. The 95 Theses listed all disagreements Luther had with the Catholic Church such as sales of indulgences and their way of baptism. It is one of the definite instigating factors of the Protestant Revolution.
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Luther translated the New Testament of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into his native German language because he felt that all should be able to read and interpret "the word of God" in their own way. He later published the Old Testament in 1534. This further helped to advance the protestant revolution.
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The council of Trent was simply a meeting of high Catholic officials, the meetings sought to reform the Church and take back followers lost to the Protestant Revolution.
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In the seventeen century the age of reason started.Its purpose was to reform society using reason, rather than tradition, faith and revelation. Also it advanced knowledge through science.
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Keplers describes orbital motion with three simple lawsl.Each gave a description of the motion of the plantes around the sun. Prior to these observations there were no relationships providing an accurate predictive measure of the location of the heavenly bodies.
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In 1609 Galileo Galilei invented the first telescope.The telescope was one of the central instruments of the Scientific Revolution. It allowed the world to study the solar system and advence the idea that earth was not centre of the universe.
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The Thirty Years' War was a conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants.which ended in the death of up to 40% of the German Protestant people and weakened Spain and Italy; showing they were not as powerful sa they seemed.
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Newton published his findings on his observations on the theory of gravity and it's three all governing laws.
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Locke published Two Treatises on Government, a book that oulines the theory of a civil society. These writings greatly influnced the Founding Fathers of the United States and further advanced the notion of a Republic.
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The French Revolution was the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the end to the French Monarchyit also further advanced the idea of the people's army and influenced more revolutions throughout Europre and the New World.
