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On a good Friday Hernan Cortez sailed from Cuba to Veracruz against the crowns wishes in search of gold and riches
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After Montezuma was stoned to death. and Narvaez army forces forced Cortes to divide his brigade from tenochtitlan the Spaniards were forced to retreated having sustained heavy causalties
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Cortes returned and laid seige to Tenochtitlan
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After months of intense fighting Cuahtemoc the last known emporer of the Mexica who resisted the Spaniards was captured, tortured, and assasinated / surrendered.
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After taking control of tenochtitlan Hernana worked to rebuild what he tore down and ruled the general area until this date
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El grito lead by father Hidalgo is said to have been the begining of the Mexican fight for independence of spain Hidalgo proclaimed the freedom of the slaves. Also focus on peasants and injustice, of life under Spanish crown
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During the span of 1821-1860 Mexico had a minimum of 50 presidents in a 40 year period.
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Disputes over where the line of demarcation would be created conflict amongst the two countries. Mexico saw the annexation as an act of war
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mexico // us boundries cemented
viceroy resigns -
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Mexican rule was central to Mexico city, Mexicans outnumbered by settlers and slaves that revolted and declared Texas independent.
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General Winfield Scott led sodiers through Veracruz into Mexico City creating a full scale Mexican-American War
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Ending the War
Payment of 15,000,000 dollars for half of Mexicos land -
He sells Southern New Mexico and Arizona for 10 million dollars...this was crucial in US expansion westard toward gold stricken California.
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struggle between programmatic disputations, chauch-state controversies, and minor civil wars following the wake of the independence.
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A self made lawyer of indigneous roots who was a liberal government reformist. he resisted foreign occupation until he died of a heart atteck in 1872
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In order to curve Mexican bancruptcy Benito Juarez established a moretoium on Mexican foreign debt that upset european creditors. France (Napolean III) seeking to expand empire/influence invaded Mexico. el 5 de mayo was a temp. halt of France advance to the city in the battle of Puebla this could only be done because the united states was in civil warr and could not innacte monroe doctrine
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until May of 1867 were he surrendered and was executed by Benito Juarez
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A thirty-five year dictatorship. He had economically liberal ideals
Created the influx of distribution of wealth
Opened up Mexico to foreign investments and private explotation of resources.
Developed the infrustructure of roads and railroads
the wealthy were prospering but the poor were starving and lacked jobs. -
an eathqake struck that killed thousands and injured tens of thousands more. This showed the PIR's lack of accountability even to the clean-up and relief efforts (reminisent of katrina)
there were many homeless people afterward. -
Madero called fair elections that incorporated other political figures and promptly ran against Diaz under the anti-reelection party
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After Diaz attempt to fix the election a call for armed resistence was announced and Diaz fleed in 1911 leaving Madero to sweep at the re-election
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Carranza was from Maderos home state Coahuila and a memeber of the elite. [wealthy.} who joined the Anti-reelection movement hesitantly. Mirrored Madero only utilizing Huerta is the Oppressor [like Diaz]]
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Emiliano Zapata was a rural leader from morelos who lead his restance from the south-central area of mexico under the banner of agrarian reform.
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Pancho Villa controlled the northern state of Chihuahua. Former cattle rustler mobalized army by utilizing the railroad system.
focused on men who were minors or wanted jobs not peasents. -
Madero's lack of strength in attacking guerrila opposition caused his death by Victoriano Huerta (general under Diaz reign)
Henry Lane, the US ambassador gave Huerta support in the assisnation of madero and the vice president -
Carranza is still a moderete reformist compared to the effective change that Villa and Zapata wwanted.
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During Carranza rule a very radical constitution was instated that asked for land reform,etc
[he had help in writing it] -
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being the astermine behind the assisnation of Carranza
and blindsiding him with the anti-reelection rhetoric. However
1. he managed to achieve diplomatic recognition with the United States
2. transfered power sucessfully to a puppet president. -
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sent Calles into Exile stood to put into action the spirit of the revolution. redistributed 44 million acres of land to landless Mexicanos.
he wanted to rely on ejidos-communal ownership of large areas of land. deeply reinforcing the agrarian component to the revolution. PRM turns into PRI Durring this time there was so much inequality and privitization of land/resources. 90% of wealth owned by outsiders. Cardnenas nationalized the oil supply creating PEMEX ( symbol of nationalism) -
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Period of rapid growth
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The right wing PRI president Diaz Ordaz called in the military to massacre studnet protest in order to not smear the image of Mexico he was trying to build.
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during a time of high inflation in the 70s-2000 five presidents with no prior government/political experience assumed power.
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Beginning of lost decade of corruption, wage decline, recession, lack of growth.
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1,000s died and thousands more were injured and left homeless.
lack of government accountability.
similiar to Katrina
horrible relief and clean-up efforts,
EX. Medical center that was supposibly eathquake proff gives rise to extrensive coruption. -
Cauchtemoc Cardenas sought out to challenge the technocrates by running for office. The ballots were fixed and the election was rigged.
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throughout the years PRD claims that many of their leaders are assasinated
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first non PRI canidate in 71 years..PAN canidate
former governer of guanajuato/CEO of coca-cola/america lover -
castenada was secretary of forien affairs
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Calderon wanted to be tough on the war on drugs. had to deal with three major things: weak judicial system
organized crime
economic development