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Marked the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe. -
Charlemagne's reign saw the establishment of a vast Frankish kingdom and the revival of learning and culture known as the Carolingian Renaissance.
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Led by William the Conqueror, the Norman invasion reshaped English society, culture, and language. -
Series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control, leaving a lasting impact on European society and culture.
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Signed by King John of England, this document established the principle of limited government and influenced the development of constitutional law. -
Cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy and spread across Europe, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era.
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A series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, resulting in significant territorial and political changes.
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A devastating pandemic that killed millions across Europe, profoundly affecting society, economy, and religion.
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Split within the Catholic Church, leading to the existence of two rival popes and a period of religious turmoil in Europe.
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Led by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, this religious movement challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism as a major branch of Christianity.