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The March Revolution was the first stage in the German Revolution of 1848-49
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Neither by upbringing nor by temperament was Nicholas fitted for the complex tasks that awaited him as an autocratic ruler of a vast empire.
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Japan won a convincing victory over Russia, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. Russia's Baltic Fleet sailed halfway around the world only to meet its demise at the guns of Adm. Togō Heihachirō and the superior ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Battle of Tsushima
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Up to 200 people were killed by rifle fire and Cossack charges. This event became known as Bloody Sunday and is seen as one of the key causes of the 1905 Revolution. The aftermath brought about a short-lived revolution in which the Tsar lost control of large areas of Russia.
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The Marxist revolutionaries then split into two groups, the Mensheviks who wanted popular support of the revolution and the Bolsheviks who were willing to sacrifice everything for a change. The leader of the Bolsheviks was every powerful and later fled to western Europe to escape arrest.
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The Russian Empire gradually entered World War I during the three days prior to 28th July 1914. This began with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia, which was a Russian ally. The Russian Empire sent an ultimatum, via Saint Petersburg, to Vienna, warning Austria-Hungary not to attack Serbia.
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The warring factions included the Red and White Armies. The Red Army fought for Lenin's Bolshevik government. The White Army represented a large group of loosely allied forces, including monarchists, capitalists, and supporters of democratic socialism.
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the army garrison at Petrograd joined striking workers in demanding socialist reforms, and Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Nicholas and his family were first held at the Czarskoye Selo palace, then in the Yekaterinburg palace near Tobolsk.
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On April 16, 1917, Vladimir Lenin, leader of the revolutionary Bolshevik Party, returns to Petrograd after a decade of exile to take the reins of the Russian Revolution.
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On March 3, 1918, in the city of Brest-Litovsk, located in modern-day Belarus near the Polish border, Russia signed a treaty with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria) ending its participation in World War I (1914-18)
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During the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries toppled the monarchy, ending the Romanov dynasty. Czar Nicholas II and his entire family—including his young children—were later executed by Bolshevik troops.
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He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953). Initially governing the country as part of collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s.
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Introduced by Vladimir Lenin in 1921, the New Economic Policy (or NEP) was a radical shift in Bolshevik economic strategy. It eased the harsh restrictions of war communism, and the Bolshevik economic policy during the Civil War, and allowed the return of markets and petty trade.
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