-
Period: to
Reign of Czar Alexander III
-Stops all reforms in Russia
-Establishes an autocracy
-Secret police watched schools and teachers were required report on every student
-Strict censorship on all documents
-Promoted nobility
-Oppressed other national groups
-Russian became the national language and no others could be in schools
-Targeted Jews (Pogroms)
-1 man rule, 1 religion, 1 race
*Angered minorities across the board
*They had no privacy which could lead to bitterness
*Created an atmosphere that his son continues -
Period: to
Reign of Czar Nicholas II
-Followed in the footsteps of his father
-Citizens were displeased with him
-Blamed for failure during war w/ Japan
-Created Duma to appease the people but gave it little power
-During WW1, went to front lines to lead army, leaving the Czarina to lead
-People disliked the relationship the Royal family had w/ Rasputin (Nobles angred)
-People wanted him to pull out of WW1, but he never did
*His actions lead to the people disliking and distrusting the government
*Ruler overthrown by the revolution -
Period: to
Russo-Japanese War
-Japan and Russia signed many treaties surrounding control of Korea and Manchuria
-Russia broke them and Japan attacked Russia at Port Arthur
-Russians repeatedly lost
*Losses sparked unrest at home
*Proof of weakness
*Embarrassing
*Lead to revolts during the war
*Add to the negative reputation of Czar Nicholas -
Bloody Sunday
-200,000 workers and their families protest at the Winter Palace
-Want better working & conditions as well as a national legislature
-Wanted to let the Czar know the came in peace (Sunday best, holy images and images of the Czar, etc)
-Generals to open fire at the crowd (3,000 hurt, 100 dead)
-The Czar wasn't even there
*They distrusted the government
*No major reforms occur -
Establishment of the Duma
-Elected Legislature
-Constitutional Monarchy
-Realizes he needs to please his people after Bloody Sunday and Russo-Japanese War
*The people become happier
*Doesn't have much power and doesn't change the conditions -
Period: to
Russian Participation in World War 1
-Czar Nicholas goes to the Eastern Front , Czarina Alexandra was in charge
-Had to leave due to not having enough supplies and industrialization
*Russians are angry that he doesn't pull out of the war earlier -
Death of Rasputin
-He was a peasant who claimed to be a healer and a holy man
-During WW1, the Czarina was in charge, she kept Rasputin around to heal her son Alexis
-Nobility tried to poison him multiple times (cyanide), shoot him, & drown him which finally kills him
-Predicted his death and the death of the Royal Family in a letter
*The nobles disliked Rasputin which lead to distrust of the Czar
*The Czar lost the support of the only class who he favored -
Period: to
Bolshevik Revolution
-The government collapses when stormed by Bolshevik Red Guards
-They arrested leaders & Lenin comes into power
-Farmland is evenly distributed, workers now control factories (socialism)
-Angered peasants by killing Romanovs & giving land to germany (due to truce)
-Civil war breaks out Red (Bolsheviks) vs White (Conservatives)
-Red's win & the Bolsheviks are in power
*Socialist are in power
*Around 14 mil. Russians dies (War, disease, famine) -
Abdication of Czar Nicholas II & Establishment of Provisional Government
-The people disliked the current government
-They blamed the Czar for the failures of Russia (The Russo-Japanese War, WW1, Bloody Sunday, etc)
-After the Czar abdicated, a provisional government was established
-They were disliked (continued to fight in WW1 & didn't make revolutionary changes)
*They didn't get the changes they wanted -
Period: to
Civil War
-Red vs White armies
-Red army = Bolsheviks (lead by Leon Trotsky), wanted socialism & control
-White army = Conservatives & Allied Powers, wanted to return to a monarchy & not spread socialism
-Red army eventually wins
-The Bolshevik revolution & CIvil war ends with them victorious and in control of Russia
*Socialists in power
*Country in shambles (death, disease, famine) -
Period: to
Stalin's Rise to Power
-Competed with Trotsky for power after Lenin's stroke
-1922: general secretary of the Communist Party, got his supporters positions of power.
-Lenin believed that he was a dangerous man
-1928, in total command of the Communist Party
-Forced into Trotsky exile (1929)
-Wield absolute power as a dictator
*He was in control of the government
*He built himself up to be a dictator
*He would rule until 1953 (almost 25 years) -
Establishment of USSR
-Named in honor of the councils during the Bolshevik Revolutions
-Organized by Lenin
-Multiple smaller republics governed under on government (In order to keep nationalism in check)
-A Socialist government
*The USSR existed until 1991, almost 70 years later
*Introduced a socialist government to Russia -
Lenin's Death
-Leader of Bolshevik Party
-Gave control of factories to the workers
-Signed truce with Germany
-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Lost some popularity due to sacrificing land
-Bolsheviks win civil war and their revolution is complete
-New Economic Policy (peasants could sell surplus crops instead of giving them to the government)
-Set up USSR into multiple smaller republics governed under on government (In order to keep nationalism in check)
*Set up the USSR which would continue on for almost 70 years -
Leon Trotsky's Exile
-Lenin's #2
-Lead Red Army during the Civil War
-Competed for control of USSR after Lenin's stroke
-Stalin exiled Trotsky when he came to power.
*His exile meant he could no longer influence the USSR
*It left Stalin without competition and allowed him to have more power.
