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A period in time where the ancient Hebrews were held captive in Mesopotamian Babylon.
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A period in time when there were three separate Popes, Urban VI, Clement the VII, and Alexander V which created a schism in the church.
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Jan Hus was a religious reformer who translated the Bible into common vernacular and attacked the selling of indulgences.
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Johannes Gutenberg invents the movable type printing press. This makes printing books much easier and cheaper. It also allowed for the spreading of ideas.
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An agreement that Portugal would get everything East of a line down the Atlantic Ocean (Brazil) and Spain would get everything West of it (the "New World").
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Michelangelo was sculpting "David", one of the most popular statues, for the Florence cathedral.
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Henry VIII was best known for the six wives he had and the two he had beheaded. He was able to marry divorce multiple women because Parliament had passed the Acts of Supremacy making him one of the heads of the Church of England, instead of the Pope.
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Acts that allowed two English Monarchs to be the head of the Church of England.
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Johann Tetzel started to sell indulgences, with the encouragement from the Pope, saying people could resolve their sin and free their relatives from Purgatory by buying indulgences.
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Martin Luther wrote about his grievances with the Catholic Church, mostly about indulgences, and posted it to a board outside the Church to start a discussion.
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Martin Luther is called to the Diet of Worms by Charles V and Luther is told to recant. He does not and he adds that there are only 2 sacraments compared to the 7 in Catholicism and that only #faithalone is required to get into heaven. He was excommunicated from the church.
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During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther standing up to the religious authorities inspired German peasants to stand up to the nobles who were oppressing them. Ultimately the revolt was brutally crushed by the nobility.
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A meeting at Marburg's castle in which a debate about the Eucharist between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli. Martin Luther believed that Christ's body was present in everything, which would include the bread and wine. Zwingli argued that the bread and wine were not actually the body and blood of Jesus Christ, but rather a symbol of it.
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A community of Anabaptists run by an "Old Testament Theocracy", meaning you could marry multiple wives. The Lutheran and Catholic Church both agreed that they did not want this to exist so they laid siege to the commune. They would publicly torture members of the Munster Commune and then kill them. They would even put the three leaders' corpses in cages and then hang them from the church as an example.
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"Institutes of the Christian Religion" by John Calvin is an important book for Protestantism. In it, he describes how God has absolute power and is omnipotent whereas humanity is absolutely weak.
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Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus which was a religious group that was supposed to spread the Roman Catholic faith.
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William "The Silent" of Orange was a political and military leader during the Dutch Revolt and fought for personal and religious freedom. He helped create the independent Dutch Republic.
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It was a council that took place in the city of Trent in Italy. It was used to defend Catholicism and combat any critiques of Protestant Reformers.
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This book was made to for Anglicans to direct worship in the Church of England.
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During her reign, Mary had repealed the Acts of Supremacy but is most known for burning many people at the stake in an effort to reinstate Catholicism, hence her nickname, "Bloody Mary".
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This decided that the ruler of a region picks the religion. This decision solidified the division of Christendom.
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Elizabeth Tudor helped instate the Church of England and also helped defeat the Spanish Armada.
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This was a civil war between the Huguenots and Catholics. Some nobility converted to Protestantism to slyly become independent of France. Many fights broke out between Calvinist lords and Catholic lords.
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A summary of what English Anglican Christians believe and teach. The general beliefs of the Church of England.
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The Netherlands revolted against Spain because of high taxation, unemployment, and fears of persecution. The Spanish lost and the Dutch Republic was created.
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The king's sister, Margaret of Valois, was getting married to Henry of Navarre to pacify the Huguenots and the Catholics. Instead, Huguenot wedding guests and other Protestants in Paris were slaughtered.
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The Union of Untrecht allied the seven northern provinces who then declared independence from Spain, forming the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
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The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English due to the weather and because English ships were smaller and therefore more maneuverable and had better firing power.
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Henry IV of France issued a document that allowed freedom of belief and public worship to Calvinists which ended the French Wars of Religion.
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A religious war between German Protestants and Roman Catholics. Overtime, it became more about who would eventually govern Europe.
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The Edict of Nantes was revoked which left Huguenots a choice of either converting to Catholicism or going to prison for life.