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Founded the Waldensians, a lay movement promoting biblical literacy and lay preaching.
Challenged the Church's hierarchy and wealth, encouraging a simpler form of Christianity. -
Founded the Franciscan Order dedicated to poverty, simplicity, and service to the poor.
Emphasized a return to the Gospel message and direct connection with God. -
English theologian who denied papal authority and criticized the sale of indulgences.
Advocated for translating the Bible into vernacular languages.
His ideas influenced later reformers like Jan Hus. -
Bohemian priest inspired by Wycliffe's ideas.
Criticized clerical corruption and promoted the Bible as the ultimate authority.
Condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake, becoming a martyr for the reform movement. -
Humanist scholar who used satire and biblical scholarship to critique Church abuses.
While remaining Catholic, he advocated for internal reform and a focus on early Church practices. -
German monk and theologian who famously posted his 95 Theses challenging the sale of indulgences.
Emphasized salvation by faith alone, the authority of Scripture, and a "priesthood of all believers," launching the Protestant Reformation. -
He created anabaptism.
They rejected the idea of infant baptism. -
Predestination was his main idea working as a virtue. The latter made it more appealing to the rich.
He also introduced theocracy -
He was the founding father of antitrinitarianism.
They denied the existence of the Holy Trinity. -
He created the Jesuit order. -
He prohibited the selling of indulgences.