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The Visigoths united a politically divided environment over the course of the following two centuries, offering some sense of peace to a region affected by centuries of conflict and uncertainty. They restored trade with the larger Mediterranean region and put new tax and judicial structures in place. -
first famous Muslim dynasty. It was established by Muwiyah I, who defeated the son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, Al, to become the fifth caliph.
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A mythical war that, for many years, was accepted as historical fact; it became an ongoing theme in Spanish tales concerning the Christian expulsion of the Muslims. -
When Al-Mamun dies he gives his land to his grandson al-Qadir kicks out with Alfonso -
The Battle of Sagrajas, also known as Zalaca or Zallaqa, took place between an army under the command of the Castilian King Alfonso VI and an army under the command of the Almoravid King Yusuf ibn Tashfin. -
In 1139, after the Battle of Ourique, the Portuguese Kingdom was established. The Portuguese were overwhelmingly outnumbered when they faced the Muslim unbelievers, with several credible historical accounts of the period stating that there were 100 Muslims for every Lusitanian. -
The quartered arms were created in 1230 when both kingdoms were finally united under King Ferdinand III (Saint Ferdinand). -
In the latter half of the 14th century, Nicholas Eymerich served as the Crown of Aragon's Inquisitor General and a Roman Catholic philosopher in medieval Spain. The Directorium Inquisitorum, which he wrote, is his most famous work. -
Until the seventeenth century, the Directorium Inquisitorum served as the Spanish Inquisition's official guide to policy. It was printed many times, especially in Barcelona in 1503 and Rome in 1578. One of the most important origins of the more well-known Malleus Maleficarum was the Directorium Inquisitorum. -
Thousands of Jews converted to Christianity -
Given by Pope Alexander VI, Queen Isabella I of Castile, and King Ferdinand II of Aragon are known historically as the Catholic Monarchs. The Catholic Monarchs served as the Dynasty Trastámara's final rightful heirs in the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. -
a public event where the decisions against persons who appeared before the Spanish Inquisition were read and afterward the secular authorities decided on punishments -
Treaty that ended the War of Granada. Muhammed XII V. Isabella I of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon, guaranteed rights to Muslims ( religious tolerance) -
The Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada was the target of a number of military expeditions between 1482 and 1492 under the rule of the Catholic monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. -
The Spanish part of Navarre was ruled by Ferdinand the Catholic, and in 1515 it was legally given up to the Castilian throne. Before being absorbed into France in 1589, the French part of Navarre, which is located on the northern slope of the western Pyrenees, was a separate kingdom. -
Martin Luther nails his "Ninety-Fives theses" on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg -
treaty signed by Francis I, king of France, who had been taken prisoner following the Battle of Pavia in February 1525 and held captive until the treaty's conclusion, and the Habsburg emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). -
During the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars, on October 21, 1805, the British Royal Navy and the combined ships of the French and Spanish Navies engaged in the Battle of Trafalgar. -
Ordered expulsion of Jews by July 31st to limit influence on "conversos"