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The Alaska purchase in 1867 expanded trade and settlements to the pacific coast. It gave more power to America in the Asia-Pacific region. America took years to see the value in Alaska after the discovery of gold attracted thousands of people. There were major rivers where ships could provide supplies and transportation.
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He bolstered rapid expansion of the U.S. navy and changed the ships to huge battleships which lead to naval buildups. He helped give America gain sea power.
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The kingdom fell because the monarchy was overthrown by a group of businessmen then soon President Benjamin Harrison submitted a treaty to annex Hawaii.
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US wanted to open up new trading posts, have more power in the pacific, and prevents the Europeans from controlling the islands.
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Queen Liliuokalani tried to restore power of monarchy which would result in less U.S. influence of Hawaii. The U.S. wanted Hawaii because it played an important role in US economy.
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De Lome Letter was a Spanish diplomat letter that was written by the Spanish minister to the US which was highly critical of President McKinley. Also, soon after battleship Maine exploded, killing 260 Americans and the yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship.
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McKinley sent a war message to Spain and listed four reasons for the US to intervene in the Cuban revolution. The Teller Amendment declared that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba.
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First shots were fired in Manila Bay in the Philippines and the Spanish fleet was soon pounded by submission by naval guns and Filipino rebels allied with the US.
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More the 5,000 American soldiers died of tropical diseases like malaria and typhoid. Another victory in Cuba was a calvary charge up San Juan Hill by the Rough Riders.
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U.S. Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay. Without a navy, Spain realized that they could not continue fighting, so the asked for U.S. terms of peace.
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Treaty of Paris included recognition of Cuban independence, U.S. acquisition of two Spanish islands (Puerto Rico and Guam), and U.S. acquisition of the Philippines of the U.S. war effort was to liberate Cuba.
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The U.S. victory filled Americans with national pride. European nations came to recognize that the United states was a first-class power with a strong navy.
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Outside powers such as Japan and Russia and they had established spheres of influence, meaning they could dominate trade and investment within their sphere. Not wanting to miss out of lucrative trade, the US asked for a open door policy allowing all nations to have equal trading privileges in China.
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The imperialists prevailed and the Treaty of Paris was ratified. The people of the Philippines were outraged that their national independence was being denied.
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U.S. troops crushed the rebellion of boxers after Chinese nationalists attacked the foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries. Hay wrote a second note in fear that the expeditionary force in China might attempt to occupy the country.
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Roosevelt had an aggressive foreign policy, his motto was "speak softly and carry a big stick." He attempted to build the reputation of the U.S. as a world power.
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Leader Emilio Aguinaldo led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against U.S. control. After three years, it finally ended with before the insurrection.
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A questioned appeared concerning the constitutional rights of the Philippine People. The issue was resolved by the insular case in which the court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and the Congress decided whether or not to grant the rights.
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Colombia refused to agree to U.S. terms for digging the canal through its territory, resulting in a revolt in Panama and ended with a treaty granting the U.S. long term control of a canal zone.
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Roosevelt declared that the US would intervene with Latin American nations that were in debt to the European nations by occupying the country's major ports to manage customs taxes until the debts were paid off.
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Hay-Pauncefote treaty allowed U.S. to begin to dig the canal without the British involvement. Many people especially Latin Americans were angry with the high handed tactics employed to secure the Canal zone and America ended up paying $25 million to Colombia for its loss of Panama.
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Great White Fleet was to demonstrate U.S. naval power to Japan. The white great ships made an impressive sight, and the Japanese government warmly welcomed their arrival.
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Taft believed that there would be greater stability if America invested in China and Central American nations and he tested it by getting U.S. bankers to be included in a British, German, and French plan to invest in railroads in China.
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Wilson sent a fleet to blockade the Vera Cruz port several seamen Americans were arrested at Tampico and Huerta refused to apologize and Wilson in retaliation ordered the U.S. navy to occupy Vera Cruz. The South America's ABC powers offered to mediate the dispute.
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The British declared a naval blockade against Germany. Wilson protested British seizure of American ships as a violation of a neutral nation's right to freedom of states. Germany responded by announcing a blockade of its own such as sinking the British passenger liner, the Lusitania.
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The U.S. economy became closely tied with the Allied powers and the economy rebounded in part because of the high demand of war supplies. Wilson's plan did not favor the Allied powers because the U.S. support was going to one side(Britain and France) and not the other.
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The expeditionary force was when President Wilson ordered General John Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico after Villa led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered a number of people in Texas and New Mexico.
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Americans were angry with Germany because of the Zimmermann Telegraph, the German foreign minister proposed to Mexico at ally with Germany in return Germany would help Mexico recover lost land (New Mexico and Arizona).
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The first American contribution to the Allies was shipping in needed supplies life food, rifles, and gunpowder. Wilson created several war agencies such as Bernard Baruch volunteered to use his extensive contacts in industry to help win the war; he established a central control over raw materials.
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The American Expeditionary Force launched their first offensive by plugging the weaknesses in the French and British lines. They held the line against the last ferocious assault by German forces. They drove the German army backwards and the Germans signed an armistice and agreed to surrender.
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The Fourteen Points related to specific territorial questions. Wilson never lost sight of his ambition to shape the peace settlement. The last point in the Fourteen Points was what Wilson valued the most, an international peace association.
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It left a pandemic fear among Americans that leftist regimes would win over the world without U.S. intervention.
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The Allies did not share Wilson's idea of peace and wanted revenge on Germany, however, a compromise was made and the League of Nations was accepted. Germany was stripped of its colonies in Asia and Africa and territories were taken by the Allies.
