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The end of the French and Indian War (1763) divided eastern North America roughly into thirds
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Immediate land settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Land disposal Policies.
designed to generate
revenue simply and quickly. Half of all sales were
either for whole townships (36 sections) with the
other half for individual sections. -
led to armed conflict with tribes
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land disposal Policies
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marked first large land acquisition by U.S. from Native Americans – and set a policy of “Indian Removal”
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treaties to acquire land, water, and other natural resources from Indian tribes
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treaties to acquire land, water, and other natural resources from Indian tribes
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Connecting Albany to Buffalo, it rose 600 ft over 360 miles. Transportation costs were cut by 95%.
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“right of occupancy” was subordinate to United States government’s “right of discovery”
•Diminished tribes’ sovereignty over land
•“To the victor go the spoils”
•Created precedence of treating tribes as “dependent” on U.S. government -
forcible removal of tribes to west of Mississippi River
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Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 to concentrate Indians on reservations
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designates territories for tribes in exchange for settlers’ safe passage & $50K/year for 50 yrs.
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“The exclusive right of taking fish in all the streams, where running through or bordering said reservation, is further secured to said confederated tribes and bands of Indians, as also the right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed places, in common with the citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary buildings for curing them; together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their horses and cattle upon open and unclaimed land.”
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moves Cheyenne and Arapaho to SE CO
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287.5 million acres
Any citizen 21 year old could lay claim to 160 acres
(1/4 Section) of PUBLIC DOMAIN land if he/she:
• Lives on it for six months and buy for $1.25/acre
or
• Lives on it for five years and cultivate it and receive land for free (essentially) -
provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”
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was first major land grant – Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR’s were granted 400- feet right-of-ways, plus 10 sq. miles of land for every mile of track
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to protest Ft. Wise Treaty & white encroachment; Nov. 28, 1864 Sand Creek Massacre
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removes last southern Plains tribes to Indian Territory
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guarantee Lakota ownership of Black Hills – “Paha Sapa”, hunting rights in Montana, Dakotas, & Wyoming and closes off Powder River to all whites forever…
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In 1874, gold is discovered in the Black Hills. The U.S. effectively declares war on Indians to take lands, touching off the Black Hills War, 1876-77 (Battle of Little Big Horn in June 1876).
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After Black Hills War ended in 1877, Congress unilaterally passed the Black Hills Act, transferring the Black Hills to U.S. ownership. The last intact Native American nation on the northern Plains was forced onto reservations.
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Congress attempts to help settle the arid west
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to force all Utes out of Colorado
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divided up reservations into individual ownership tracts, going against traditional notions of private ownership. The act reduced Native American-held acreage by over 50%
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specifies purposes for establishing
and managing forest reserves -
first law to acknowledge and protect
endangered species -
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authorizes President to designate
National Monuments on public domain lands -
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Designates grazing districts on remaining unrestricted public domain lands Authorizes U.S. Grazing Service (later the BLM) to set up rules and regulations for remaining unrestricted public domain lands Prohibits homesteading on remaining unrestricted public domain lands
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Intensive Management
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Agencies seeks clearer direction from Congress Environmentalists unsatisfied: want permanent protection of “wilderness” areas
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first introduced on 1956
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January 2001, President Bill Clinton approves an administrative rule permanently protecting remaining roadless areas on national forest lands
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Replaces Clinton’s rule, July 2004
• Allows state governor’s office to define areas
