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His main political rival,
Francisco I. Madero, is in jail, along with 60,000 other supporters. Madero, released on bail eleven days later, flees to San
Antonio, Texas. -
Francisco Madero returns to Mexico from Texas, an event still commemorated in Mexico.
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Francisco I. Madero, leader of the rebellion against President Porfirio Diaz, holds a meeting at Bustillos.
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City of Juarez falls to Madero's forces, thanks largely to the aggressiveness (and insubordination) of Francisco ("Pancho")
Villa and Pascual Orozco. -
Villa and Orozco break with Madero over his clemency to General Navarro, whom they took prisoner at Juarez. Villa returns
to his wife at San Andres, Chihuahua. -
Porfirio Diaz resigns as president, is escorted to Veracruz, departs for exile in Paris. Madero refuses to take office until elected. Vice President Francisco de La Barra is installed as interim president.
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Madero is elected president, inaugurated in November.
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Villa takes the city of Parral from the Orozco rebels.
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Threatened by Orozco, Villa flees from Chihuahua after refusing to join in rebellion against Madero. Villa sets about raising his own force.
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Orozco retakes Parral from Villa, who melts into the mountains and joins Victoriano Huerta, Madero's field commander, at
Torreón. -
Villa, sentenced to be shot for insubordination by Huerta, is spared by Madero's order at the last moment and sent to Santiago Tlatelolco prison, in Mexico City.
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Dec. 26
Villa escapes prison, where he has learned of plots hatched by Generals Bernardo Reyes and Felix Diaz, but has refused to
join them. Villa crosses Rio Grande into El Paso on January 3, 1913. -
Feb. 9-18
"Ten Tragic Days." Rebellion of Bernardo Reyes, Felix Diaz, and Victoriano Huerta. Huerta arrests Madero on February 18
and assumes power. -
Feb. 3 President Wilson lifts the embargo of arms against Carranza.
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Villa's army is decimated by Carrancista forces under Plutarco Elias Calles in a two-day battle at Agua Prieta, opposite
Douglas, Arizona. Later word that the U.S. had assisted Calles infuriates Villa. Agua Prieta is soon followed by a similar defeat
at Hermosillo, Sonora. -
April 10
Emiliano Zapata is assassinated at Chinameca on orders of Carranza. -
April 2
Carranza summons Obregón to Mexico City to face trumped-up charges. Obregón escapes with his life through the aid of
friends. -
April 20 Obregón manifesto declaring rebellion against Carranza.
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May 7 Carranza flees Mexico City. Abandons train on May 14
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June 1 Adolfo de la Huerta is inaugurated provisional president.
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Sept. 5
Obregón is elected president, inaugurated on November 30. -
May 21 Carranza is assassinated in the village of Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla.
