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Before Caracalla, the citizens were only considered the people living in Rome and the only ones who followed the ius civile. In 212 AC Antoninus Caracalla promulgated an edict where gave the people living into the Roman Empire the privilge of being a citizen. This way, all of them were forced to the Ius Civile. For this reason, in that time they achieved the biggest number of rights and the resulting legal equality. Timetoast -
The jurists activity disappeared because the emperor wanted all the power. This leaded to the called ius publicae responendi, and the emperor chose which jurists could give answers, when they used to apply and know law as professionals. This way, there was an unification of the lex, which was the new law that the emperor promulgated, and the iura, that was the "old law" since it was the jurisprudence, the jurists opinions.
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In the Dominate, all the power was concentrated on the Emperor.He controlled every field: the judicial, legislative, and government. The balance broke and he promulgated Imperial Enacmentsm, also called Imperial constitutions, clasified in: general laws, constisted on orationes, senatum, and edicta. Other one were the special laws, formed by Decreta, Mandata, Rescripta, and Andotiato. There was also the so-called Pragmatic, for special situations
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It contained a collection of norms and constitutions of Roman Emperors from 130 to 290. We do not know exactly when it was promulgated, but around this time. -
There were collected imperial constitutions and rescripts mainly from the Emperor Diocletian. It is said that it was promulgated at the end of the third period and the beginning of the fourth period, but we do not know for sure.
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Theodosianus II appointed nine commissioners to write two different collections.The Codex theodosianus is a compilation of the laws in force in Roman Law that was made during the Late Empire. -
To understand the visigothic legal sources we must divide the law into Roman Law and Germanic Law. In reference to Roman Law we can find the called Codex Theodosianus and the Berviary of Alaric. On the other hand, in the Germanic Law we can difference the Code of Euric and the Code Revisus.
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The Code of Euric is a Visigoth's code promulgated by the king Euric. He was the first to reduce laws preserved by the tradition to writing. It was a vulgar roman law and it has not been preserved in its entirely. -
The Berviary of Alaric was approved in an Assemblie of bishops and representatives of the king. Alaric II promulgated it because visigothes and romans were in an allience, this way it was the Roman Law for visigothes. -
The Berviary of Alaric was approved in an Assemblie of bishops and representatives of the king. Alaric II promulgated it because visigothes and romans were in an allience, this way it was the Roman Law for visigothes. -
Justinian had 3 objectives: the territorial unification, the religious peace, and restore old Roman Law. For this last objective, he had such a success. He promulgated an important compilation, which was also called Corpus Iuris Civilis, that consisted in 4 parts: Codex, Digesta, Instituta, and Novellae. Timetoast
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The Code Revisus was as its name says, a revision os the Code of Euric. This code did not survived because laws appeared in the liber iudiciorum with the incriprion antiquae. This last code was the one that was forced to everyone, both romans and germans.
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This code was a set of laws promulgated by several Visigoths kings. It was in force around 600 years in Spain, and it was the general law in Spain in the early middle ages. This compilation was independent of roman law, they have nothing alike. The Liber Iudiciorum was force for all people, both Romans and Germans. It was the text that was necessary to use in trials. This compilation remained until Middle Ages. -
Irnerius was a jurists that began to recover the lawcode. His task was compiling Justinans´s texts and he also headed a School of Law in Bologna. He stated that the Justian´s law was the truth, the Ratio Scripta, "the written knowledge". He promulgated the Ius Commune.
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In this period, the Church splitted into the Eatern and Wetern churches. For this reason, Gregory VII promulgated the Dictatus Papae, which was a reform in the canonical life. He wanted the power so he promulgated this dictatus to solve the investiture problem between church and civil power. They needed to solve who appointed the bishops.