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After Emperor Friedrich II died, Florence become democratic but fought with their Ghibelline enemies. Which, later caused them to lose up to 10,000 men.
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The Man of Sorrows and the King of Glory in Italy was written by Lachlan Turnbull in 1250- 1350. It is a type of abstract that follows Jesus Christ in his crucifixion.
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Also known as Hule and the Nightingale. The author to this poem is unknown. It is basically about a debate between an owl and nightingale. One of the earliest examples of a literary form of debate poetry.
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Marco Polo was born in Venice, Italy.
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Manfred conquered Sicily and became king, but Charles of Anjou defeated and killed him in 1266.
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Joachite prophecies had indicated that 1260 would be the year of the apocalypse, and a hermit of Perugia started the self-flagellating movement that spread south to Rome and north to Lombardy. The mass movement soon died out in Italy; but it spread north of Alps in 1261.
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Watermark This medieval innovation was first introduced in Fabriano, Italy, in 1282. A watermark is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light.
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Florence defeated Pisa, which created Guelfs to set up democratic governments. Genoa's navy then destroyed Pisa's fleet and port.
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Visconti was elected captain and used a private council to increase his power. Later, in 1298, Visconti was named imperial vicar over the Lombard cities.
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Composed by an Augustinian canon for three anchorite sisters. Chapter one is the devotionals that outlines the routine of prayers recommended to the anchorites in general and prayers assigned to hours such as Matins or responses to the Mass.
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The region of Tuscany was populated with 2 million people, which it would not reach this high again until 1850.
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Also known as Lay of Havelok the Dane. Havelok is first of Geoffrey Gaimar's Anglo-Norman Estorie des Engles poems. It is the second longest romance poem to exsist. The poem is notable for its interest in law and legal practice and its exploration of ideal kingship.
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Dry Compass was invented by Flavio Gioja, an Italian pilot from Amalfi, has been credited with perfecting the sailor's compass by suspending its needle over a compass card, thus giving the compass its familiar appearance.
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The Marriage of the Virgin was painted by Giotto. It is showing the scenes from the Life of the Virgin.
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Done by Giotto di Bondone. Not like most artists at this time, Bondone used more of a naturalistic approach to the human form. He used tempera and a gold leaf on the panel.
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Painting done by Pacino di Bonaguida. It shows a biblical description of the hours before his death when "there was darkness over the whole earth."
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Done by Pietro Lorenzetti. Entering the city on a donkey symbolizes arrival in peace rather than war-waging king arriving on a horse.
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Italian flagellants develop the Italian folk hymns known as Spiritual Laude. Rossi Codex, was the earliest extant collection of Italian secular polyphony.
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Venice formed a league and extended its territory by a treaty. They needed land for agriculture and allowed cities to be independent.
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St. Catherine of Alexandria was painted by Niccolò di Segna. This piece is one of several saints of a disassembled polyptych of which the center piece was a Madonna. It sets off a sense of religious sensitivity in an impersonal manner.
