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French revolution
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Cispadine republic
Set up by French armies and led by Napoleon, this was a short-lived republic in Northern Italy.
Reforms: Church taken out of education, new constitution, republic leaders elected.
Merged to make Cisalpine republic the following year. -
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Jacobin republics
French establish many sister/Jacobin republics under moderate italian rule.
1797 and 1800 – two Cisalpine republics of the North
1798 – Republic in Rome
1799 – Parthenopean republic at Naples. -
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Napoleon in Italy
Napoleon defeats the Piedmontese army and forced the Austrians into defeat - he made it seem like he saved the poor italian people. Proclamation to the Cisalpine republic saying 'you could not alone have achieved your independendce.' -
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Napoleon takes Naples
Napoleon invaded the Kingdom of Naples and the King (Ferdinand IV) called on the people to revolt.
After a fight, French claimed Victory and created the republic of Naples. -
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Battle of Marengo
Napolean returns and wins the Battle of Marengo – signs the Peace of Luneville in 1801 which secured his control over Italian states.
1802 - Italy becomes a republic but not with all the italian states and Napoleon still has lots of control. He doesn't allow for a separate Italian legal code. -
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Napoleon King of Italy
Piedmont and Papal states were annexed to France.
Only Sardinia and Sicily were out of Napoleon's power.
French centralised power and diminished the influence of the Nobility. -
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Peasant rebellions
fighters set fire to town halls, destroying tax rolls and to the houses of wealthy merchants.
The British and exiled Bourbons supported the peasants with guns and money
Over 20,000 French soldiers were killed in Calabria and Abruzzi. They responded by burning entire villages. -
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Power of Church reduced
France removes the Popes temporal powers.
The Papal states were governed by the French.
Monasteries all closed down.
Two Popes were arrested. -
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Congress of Vienna - restoration
Following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, the European powers met and decided to restore the old monarchies in Europe for political stability.
Who likes it? Nobility, upper class, Church - back to tradition, their old culture. The Catholic Church regains temporal power. Peasants don’t care nothing changes for them.
Most monarchs embraced a hybrid system, maintaining some of the French progressive reforms. Reactionaries saw the rulers as too reformist, while revolutionaries as too reactionary. -
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Carbonari
Secret society
Started in the two Sicilies - around 60,000 members, 5% of adult population. Mild ambitions, they did not all want a revolution and republic but rather constitutions. -
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Revolution in Naples (failure)
1 July - uprising in the Naples - Ferdinand gave in and formed a single elective chamber similar to the Spanish constitution in 1812.
March 1821 - Battle of Rieti - the King had gained European support (Austrians) and crushed the rebels. -
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Revolution in Sicily (Failure)
Wanted to be independent from Naples.
Success in 1820, governer was sent back to Naples.
Failure in 1821, Austria-controlled Naples returns. -
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Revolution in Piedmont (failure)
Piedmont wanted a constitution, and a united upper Italy, revolution on 9/10 March, King Vittorio Emmanuele abdicated.
Replaced by his brother Charles Felix who suppressed the rebels with Austrian help. -
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More failed revolutions
In Modena – Parma – Bologna – Umbria. It failed due to the lack of any widespread roots or unifying cause. E.g the provisional gov't in Bologna didn't help out the rebels in Modena. Austrians returned and crushed them. Little popular support. -
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Mazzini - Young Italy
Mazzini (republican) is released from exile and founded Giovane Italia because he thought the aims of the Carbonari were too unclear.
1834 - Mazzinians crossed into Savoy but lack of popular support so no revolution.
1836 - broke up -
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Economic Nationalism
Camillo Cavour said in order for Italy to progress they had to remove some barriers between states. The tariff barriers across Italian states were a political division which prevented economic development
Poor communications; not a lot of railways-hard to trade -
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1st war of independence
Revolutions across the Italian peninsula
(details on onenote)
Outcome?
Naples crushed/Sicily recaptured
Milan - five day march
Venice - small scale revolution, Austria surrendered
Piedmont - Carlo Alberto Statuto Albertino. He also annexed Lombardy to weaken Austria
Victor Emmanuele II signs armistice with Radetsky. -
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Metternich resigns
Due to a revolution that happens in Vienna.
This allows for revolutions in Milan and Venice. -
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Roman republic
1848 - The Pope is driven out of Rome
Feb 1849 - roman republic took over Papal states.
Napoleon III sends an army to defend the Pope and restores Pope Pius IX.