Islamic Spain and the Inquisition

Tariq Ibn Ziyad's address to His Soldiers On The Eve of Th Muslim Conquest

711

Tariq Ibn Ziyad was a Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Visigoth Spain. He made a speech to his soldiers in order to boost their morale and to get to fight fearlessly. He used faith as a major driving force in his speech that they're fight for their religion and will be rewarded for doing so.

The Raid of the Vikings in 844

844

In 844, Vikings attacked the coasts and rivers of what is known as Spain and Portugal. They came from the Garonne and had to make landfall. They were able to briefly occupy Seville, but were eventually expelled. Vikings had been active in Francia for more than half a century as traders and raiders. It appears that the raid of 844 was due to them venturing further south towards the Iberian peninsula.
JSTOR

The Capture of King Garcia Iniguez of Pamplona

859

García Íñiguez was the second king of Pamplona. Íñigo Arista was his father, the first king Pamplona. He was a successful leader who led the military campaigns of the kingdom. Following the death of Íñigo, there was a closer allegiance and it left García to look for an ally. Due to him being far from his kingdom, the vikings captured King García and set a ransom of 70,000 gold dinars. This lead to raids from both side. Roots Magic

Invasion of Spain by Charlemagne

900

The invasion of Spain by Charlemagne was checked by the Muslim defense of Saragossa. Charlemagne's rear guard was caught by the Basques at Roncesvalles in 778, inspiring the Song of Roland. Although, Charlemagne's troops were able to capture Barcelona in 801 and occupied Catalonia. The counts of Catalonia serve as vassals to the Carolingian kings even after asserting their independence at the end of the ninth and tenth centuries. Met Museum

Abd al-Rahman III

912

Abd al-Rahman III became the first Spanish Umayyad emir to declare himself caliph in the year 912 when he first became Emir of Córdoba. Under his rule, Córdoba becomes a great intellectual center of Europe, with celebrated libraries and schools. He was a big influence in multiple things like for his palace city at Madinat al-Zahra which sets the standarad for atristic taste in the caliphate. Met Museum

The Challenge of the Fatimid Dynasty

929

The Fatimid Dynasty was an offshoot of a Shi'i sect from North Africa. The rulers of The Fatimid were descents from Muhammad's daughter, Fatima, hence the name Fatimid. They presented a threat to the political and religious authority of the Sunni Abbasid caliph. The city of al-Mansuriya, and its circular design, founded in 947, can be interpreted as a deliberate challenge to the round city of Abbasid Baghadad, the "city of peace". Met Museum

The Battle of Simancas

Jul 19, 939

The Battle of Simancas, also called Alhandega or al-Khandaq, was a military battle that started on July 19, 939. It was near the walls of the city of Simancas and was between the troops of the Christian King Ramiro II and the Muslim troops of the caliph Abd al-Rahman III. The battle was for the control of the lands of the Duero. It started after the army of Abd al-Rahman III attacked the Northern Christian territories.
OMM

The Caliphate of Cordoba falls

1031

The Caliphate of Córdoba was considered the golden age due to the religious' tolerance. The reason a good era of time would fall apart was because the death of the caliph Hisham III, since there was a power vacuum, a lot of rulers rose up and due to conflicting visions the caliphate no longer stayed in tact and fell apart leading into the birth of many Taifas.

El Cid

1081

El Cid was a loyal warrior who served King Alfonso the IV but was eventually exiled by 1081. After he was exiled, he became a mercenary. He went on to fight many battles against both Muslims and Christians all in a search for power.

Treat and Agreement Between King Fernando III and the Emir Mohammed Ibn Ali, Ruler of The Kingdom of Murcia

1217

King Fernando III "The Saint" was trying to conquer the Muslim Kingdom of Murcia. He almost succeed in taking it over until they surrendered, then requested a treaty and King Fernando III agreed. This treaty was very one sided towards Fernando but it allowed for Muslims to live in a society with religious' tolerance.

Treaty and Armistice Between King Jaime I of Aragon and The Emir of Valencia

1224

This treaty between King Jaime I of Aragon and the Emir of Valencia was made in order to establish peace. Yet the kingdom of Aragon would continue to grow in size and begin to take over Valencia by1253. Then after Muslims would be extremely oppressed by the king.

Nicolas Eymerich & the Directorium Inquisitorum

1357

Nicolas Eymerich was a theologian born in Gerona, Catalonia, Spain in 1320 and died in the year 1399. He was appointed grand inquisitor of Aragon in 1357. The Directorium Inquisitorum, first printed as early as 1376, was intended to be a guide for inquisitors, it elaborated on heresies and prosecution procedures, witchcraft, as well as the belief system of the Inquisition. SHU Blogs

Massacres of Jews across Spain

1391

The massacres of Jews in 1391 were so bad they would change Jewish life in the kingdoms. This has been understudied because scholars often end their books well before 1391. By the beginning of 1392, a lot of Jews had been killed and a lot converted to Christianity. Although, some Jewish communities recovered and converts established new lives, there were some cities that would never again house a Jewish community. UCH Journals

Don Juan Pacheco, Master of The Order of Santiago

1419

He was a very politician and leader in the military, he would agree with many different groups no matter the view as long as it would benefit him in the long run. Pacheco was very involved in the conflicts of Henry IV and Isabella !

Pop Sixtus IV authorizes the spanish inquisition at the request of ferdinand and isabella, the "Catholic Monarchs of Spain.

1478

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain asked Pope Sixtus IV a request that basically allowed the Spanish Inquistion to happen. The main idea of this was to maintain a singular religion in spain. It searched and silenced anything that posed as a threat to Catholicism. It would put people on trial and be punished if accused of doing heresy.

First auto de fe in Sevilla

1481

It marked the start of the Spanish Inquisition. People who were thought to not be catholic which mostly consisted of Jewish people, were humiliated and punished. This set the tone for what the Inquisition was going to be like.

Treaty of Granada

1491

The treaty of Granada was in short terms a surrender. The treaty was made by Boabdil the Sultan of Granada with the King and Queen of Castille. The Spanish conquers were close to taking over Granada but in a last ditch effort they gave in and King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Castille rewarded this by giving them a specific set of rules to follow but allowed a religious tolerance and a fair life for being taken over.

Decree of Alhambra

1492

King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella threaten the pope by telling him to either allow the changes they desire or they'll remove their assets the pope was using to fight and he eventually gives in. The decree made it so all jews needed to leave the country or become catholic before the month ended. This is also known as the Edict of Expulsion.

Martin Luther nails his "ninety-five theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg

1517

In 1517, Martin Luther protested against the Catholic Church's practices, causing the Protestant Reformation. The clash became a "media event" due to Gutenberg's printing press, spreading Luther's ideas. Luther's works, helped by Germany's printing industry, became bestsellers, transforming the Reformation into a mass movement. The Library of Congress selections highlight Luther's changing ideas and the growing influence of printing during the conflict with Rome.

Roman Inquisition

1542

The Roman Inquisition was when Catholic authorities were more likely to suspect heresy in any new ideas after the Protestant Reformation, including those of the Renaissance humanism. The punishments and sentencing for those who pleaded guilty or were found guilty of heresy were pronounced collectively at a formal ceremony at the end of all the processes. Brewminate