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Muhammad died in 632 AD.
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Abu Bakr was one of Muhammads original followers and became the first Rashidun Caliphate. He ruled from 632 to 634. During this time, he became a victorious battle leader during the Riddah wars and he unified and expanded the empire.
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Umar was the next Rashidun caliphate, he ruled from 634 to 644 AD. Umar upset Syria, Egypt, and Persia throughout conquest, managed a large empire, accounted for the tax system, and gave religious freedom to “People of the book.”
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In 642, Caliph Umar ordered the conquest of the Sassanid empire and was successful in overthrowing the empire by 651.
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Uthman was the third Rashidun Caliph and he ruled from 644 to 656 AD. Uthman thought of a single Qu’ran for all, appointed family members to government, and he was eventually assassinated.
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In 656 AD, Ali became Muhammad's head of state. Ali wasn’t actually a caliph, he wanted to be one. Two judges decided who should be Caliph it was Ali against Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria.
Mu’awiyah is chosen and Ali is assassinated by some of his followers. -
Tariqibin Ziyad, an important conquistador led the conquest of Visigoth Spain from 711 to 718 that resulted in much of the peninsula conquered by the Umayyad.
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In 732, the battle of tours began and during this time they tried to conquer North France but were defeated by an army of Franks and Burgundians and Charles Martel. This ended the northern expansion of the Islamic empire and made Charles Martel the “Champion of Christianity” for being able to preserve it and defeat the Umayyad caliphates.
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In 750 AD, rebels overthrew the Umayyad empire and renamed it the Abbasid empire.
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Mu’awiyah ruled from 680 to 750 AD. During his rule, he moved the capital, stretched his empire from Spain to Central Asia, and had 14 other caliphs come after him.
