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Because Clovis was losing a battle, he turned to the Christian God for help. The battle shifted and the Franks won, resulting in Clovis converting his empire to Christianity.
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Since most important works of liturature, science and philosophy were in Greek; as people lost their understanding of Greek they also lost these important works. This impacted learning tremendously.
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Once Latin started to phase out, French and Spanish started to develop. This is known as vernacularity.
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This was a decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II and left England open for the Norman Conquest.
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Pope Gregory Vll banned Lay Investitures, ceremonies in which kings and nobles were appointed by church officials.
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During this crusade, Chirstians attempted to re-capture Jerusalem.
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The Battle of Legnano was fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League. The Holy Roman Empire was led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
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During this crusade, Constantinople was attacked.
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This was known as the “Great Charter” of English liberties. This document, drawn up by English nobles and reluctantly approved by King John, guaranteed certian basic political rights.
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Edward I summoned two burgesses from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament, or legislative group, in England.
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As a result of Philip IV choosing a new French Pope who moved from Italy to Frence, the church was badly weakened. Years later the cardinals chose another Italian Pope which upset the French due to his arrogant personality, causing them to elect their own Pope. Now there were two Popes, one in Italy and one in France. This began the split in the Church known as the Great Schism.
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Joan of Arc was a French girl who dressed up as a man to lead the French in the 100 Year War. She won every battle up until she was captured by England and burned at the stake.
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Charlemagne, son of Pepin the Short, was crowned emperor by the Pope because he protected him.
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Because of his exceptional efforts in revising Roman worship of his day, Pope Gregory was known as Gregory the Great and “the Father of Christian Worship.” During his years as Pope, he also brought the church into politics.
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Charlemagne's Empire fell almost immediately after his death in 814. His only son, Louis the Pious, inherited the throne and was not a strong leader. Louis left the empire to all three of his sons who fought and eventually split the land. Without central authority or a strong leadership the empire weakened.
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Vikings came from Scandinavia and invaded the area for money, goods and supplies. They mostly invaded from the Nortth. They were known for their ability to sail, trade, and raid.
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Feudalism in Europe lasted about 100 years. Feudalism is a military and political system based on land ownership and personal loyalty. The Feudal system went: Kings, Nobles, Knights, Peasants.
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Charlemagne's goal was to expand the empire and Christianity. He led armies to battle the enemies surrounding the Frankish Empire and reunited the Western Roman Empire. He was the most powerful king in Western Europe. Under his rule Charlemagne limited the authority of the nobles, sent out royal agents to make sure the nobles were governing their counties justly, regularly visited every part of his kingdom, and encouraged learning.
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