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The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history and killed from about 75 to 200 million Europeans
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Gradual change in the way people viewed themselves and the world
Rejection of Catholic Church -
The election of Martin V as pope ended the Great Schism,he was elected on November 11,1417
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Europeans traveled the world searching for goods, raw materials, land ans trade partners
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The Fall of Constantinople was the capturing of the capital of the Byzantine Empire which happened after a siege by the Ottoman Empire, The Hundred Years' War ended when the Bordeux surrendered
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Gutenberg was the first European to use a moveable printing machine
It would use oil based ink and would be made from wood -
Colubus lands in the Americas thinking its India and it credited of discovering AMerica.
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Newton published Principia during the early modern society
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Religious,political,intellctual, and cultural upheaval that spilntered Catholic part of Europe
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Prices rose significantly due to a drop in the value of noble metals that act as universal equivalent
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Luther penned a document attacking the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of selling “indulgences” to absolve sin
the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds -
Montezuma II was an Aztec that was a primary force in Mexico along with the rest of his clan
Cortez ran into the Aztecs enemy and became allies to defeat them. the Aztecs surrendered and gabe Cortez a translator along with many other things -
It is caused by differances between a group of religions
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Two separate acts of the English Parliament, one passed in 1534 and the other in 1559
The purpose consisted of firmly establish the English monarch as the official head of the Church of England -
Upon his return to Geneva, Calvin drew up a Church Order, which was a set of rules governing the church
It took Calvin two times to reform Geneva -
The Scientfic Revolution was when modern sciences, mathematics, physics, astronomy, and biology began to emerge which changed the view of society and nature
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Copernicus propsoed the idea that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe which went against the church's beliefs since it stated in the Bible that the Earth was the center of the universe
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One of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenica councils
It is described as the embodiment of the Counter Reformation -
Period of Dutch history spanning the 17th century in which their trade science military and art were among the most acclaimed in the world
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The population rose then declined and there was a rise of new classes and crime rate. Serfdom in East Europe increased and the Priced Revolution occurred
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Witch-hunts resulted in the trial, torture, and execution of thousands of victims. About three quarters of the victims were women.
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It was the so called "Invincible Armada" but it is defeated by an English naval force under the rule of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francus Drake
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Signed by HenryIV of France at Nantes on April 13th, 1598
Feared that their freedom would be taken away from them -
This art was encouraged by the Catholic Church and they thought that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement.
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Commercial Revolution was the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies.
Commercial Revolution helped set the stage for the Industrial Revolution. -
The Dutch East India Company was a company established when the States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia
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King James I believed in absolute monarchy, but England had had limits on its monarchs power.
King needed parliaments approval for many things,James and Charles I ignored parliaments rights, which led to discontent across the country -
The Stuarts were the first kings oft the United Kingdom. King James I was the king of England and Scotlant combining the two thrones for the first time
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Louis XIV never lost the hold over his people he had assumed at the beginning. He was known as Louis the Great or the Sun King.
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The Peace of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe. Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was the preeminent of Western power
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He is beheaded for treason and he offended his Protestant subjects by marrying Henrietta Maria, a Catholic French princess. He also statyed ruling without the help of Parliment
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Absolutism is a political theory and form of government where unlimited, complete power is held by a centralized sovereign individual.
Hitler and King Louis XIV of France were the wrong kind of absolutist -
Prussia is a separate duchy in Poland that joined with Brandenburg by inheritance. Frederick William of Brandenburg, acquired some of the area between Brandenburg and Prussia. He later gained Prussia's freedom from Poland.
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Newton's Principia is the most important book on natural philosophy published in the early modern period and to this day it is still see as one of the greatest scientific achievements of all time.
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The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians
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Church of the Tithe was the first church in Russia, Ivan IV orders first printing press brought to Russia
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It is the central bank of the United Kingdom and it acts as the governments banker and debt manager
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Influenced by philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
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It was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in England due to increases in labour and land productivity that took place
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The middle class did not rise quickly. It increased due to the fact that business and government activities needed more workers so the middle class got more money than they use to
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After 72 years of the throne, he died of Gangrene at Versailles, 4 days before his 77th birthday
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It is characterized by soft colors and curvy lines, and depicts scenes of love, nature, amorous encounters, light-hearted entertainment, and youth.
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Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, which is one of the richest Habsburg provinces causing the War of Austrian Succession to begin
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It was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban, Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production instead of doing everything at home
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Treaty of Paris brought about the end of the French and Indian War and the Seven Years’ War, resulting in peace between Great Britain, Spain, and France. It settled territories and colonies in the Americas.
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American Revolution was waged by the American colonies against Britain influenced political ideas and revolutions around the globe.
The Wealth of Nations showes descriptions of what builds nations' wealth -
The two major events during this period are the Industrial Revolution which begins in Britain and the French Revolution. The period is noted for the change in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics.
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Revolution begins when Third Estate delegates swear not to disband until France has a constitution. It starts series of wars between France and European powers that will last, almost without interruption, for 23 years
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Feminist ideas and social movements emerged in Europe, Great Britain, and the United States. The ideas were fueled by major social, intellectual, political, economic and cultural transformations in Europe and North America
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Nationalism was an important factor in the development of Europe and in 1815 was the Congress of Vienna
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Wollstonecraft is a founding mother of feminism and her primary concern was the rights and status of women against the claims of society and law.
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Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution and after seizing political power in France he crowned himself emperor then soon expanded his empire
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It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that peaked in the 1800s
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Provisional Government procliamed the fact of the French nation and the world
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They believed that government should act to alleviate poverty and other social problems, but not through radical changes to the structure of society
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Known as the Greek Revolution and was a success war of Independence waged by the Greek revolutionary
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The Communist Manifesto approaches the class sturggle and the problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production
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The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by railroads, large scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, use of oil, beginning of electricity and by electrical communications.
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Imperialism is when the empire builds and gets bigger by becoming more industrialized
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The Scientific Revolution established science as a source for the growth of knowledge, practices of sciences became professionalized and institutionalized in the 19th century
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100,000 objects displayed along more than ten miles with 15,000 contributors
The exhibit contained items from different parts of the world but Britain was the host and had at least half of the exhibit -
Characterized by profound changes in many realms of human endeavor, rapid technological progress, law courts and the nation states
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Company rule in India referred to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company from the Indian subcontinent; taken to have commenced in 1757 after the battle of Plassuy
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The Origin of Species is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology
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Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. Italy unification was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy
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Following the impressionist and post impressionist came Fauvism often considered the first genre of modern art just as the impressionist revolutionized so did the Fauvists rethink color painting their canvases in bright wild hues
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Unification of Germany happened in the Versailles Palace's Halls of Mirrors in France
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The Berlin Conference convened by Otto Von Bismarck to discuss the future of Africa, had the stamping out slavery high on the agenda
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Introduces Freuds theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation
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States that the theory of relativity belongs to a class of principle theories
Provides the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature -
Wars that almost every country took part in. Consisted of 2 major World Wars
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Global war centered in Europe; more than 9 million combatants and 7 millions civilians died
The war started because of the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdand -
Came to power in Russia during the October Revolution
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One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and the allied powers. It was signed June 28th 1919 exactly 5 years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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It is when a state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible
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Mussolomi was and Italian politition, journalist and leader of the National Fascists Party. He ruled constitutionally until 1925 when he dropped all pretences of democracy and set up a legal dictartorship
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Severe world wide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II
it was the longest, deepest and most widespread depression of the 20th century
Stock market crashed -
He was the leader of the Nazi party and he became the largest elected partry of the German reichstag. He became a dictator and promoted dictatorship throughtout Germany
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Settlement created for Nazi Germany 's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the boreder mainly by German speakers
Negotiated held in Munich -
It brought about major leaps in technology and laid the groundwork that permitted post-war social changes
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The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted for much of the second half of the 20th century resulted in mutual suspicions
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European Coal and Steel Community led Europe to unify
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United Nation formally form after two months of World War II ending
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance.
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The European Coal and Steel Community was an international organisation serving to unify European countries after World War II
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Stalins health deteriorated towards the end of World War II; he suffered from Atherosclerosis from his heavy smoking
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Khrushchev delivered a speech to a closed session of party leaders in which he dismantled the legend of the recently-deceased Joseph Stalin
The Hungarian Revolt started off as a student demonstration -
international agreement that lead to the founding of the European economic community; signed on march 25th 1957
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It is the current republican constitution of France; emmerged from the collpase of thr French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parlimentary government
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Refered to as the Anti-Fascist, and the protection rampart by GDR authority
The Berlin Wall was created to diide it into East and West sides created by the Germna democratic Republic -
It addessed relations between the Roman Cathloic church and the modern world. It was the 21st council of the Church and the second to be held at Saint Peter's Bascilica
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Russia put nuclear missles in Cuba while the United States put missles im Turkey. America made an agreeement to never attack Cuba without a direct provocation
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A period of political liberation in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination of Soviet Union after World War II
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The first act of the Conference on Security; was held in Finland during July and August
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Recognized as helping to end Communist Rule in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. He improved the Catholic Church relatioons with Islam and Judaism
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14,453 Soviet forces got killed; 9,500 were killed in a combat and 4,000 died from wounds
It lasted nine years from December to Febuary -
He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev promoted more peaceful international relations -
The destructionof the Berlin Wall and collapse of Communism in Europe led to a turbulent transition.
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USSR was created on December 26 1991
The dissolution meant the end of the Cold War -
Undertaken to integrate Europe and was signed by the members of the European community in the Netherlands. The treaty lead to the creation of the euro
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The euro was an overarching currency used for exchange between countries within the union.
After three years, the euro was established as an everyday currency -
19 militants associatedwith the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States
