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Russia expands across Siberia to
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Siberia rises against the ruling ottoman empire
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Britain makes the international slave trade criminal; Slave Trade Act 1807; United States criminalizes the international slave trade at the same time.
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Spanish American wars of independence
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Mexican War of Independence
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After the defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna; Reverses French conquests; restores reactionaries to power. However, many liberal reforms persist; Russia emerges as a powerful factor in European affairs.
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Serbian uprising leading to Serbian autonomy
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Stamford Raffles founds Singapore as outpost of British Empire
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Greek War of Independence
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Greece wins Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire; the 1832 Treaty of Constantinople is ratified at the London Conference of 1832.
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George Canning in charge of British foreign policy, avoids co-operation with European powers
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Start of the French conquest of Algeria
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Slavery Abolition Act 1833 frees slaves in British Empire; the owners (who mostly reside in Britain) are paid £20 million.
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Britain wages First Opium War against China
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Britain forces China to sign the Treaty of Nanking. It opens trade, cedes territory (especially Hong Kong), fixes Chinese tariffs at a low rate, grants extraterritorial rightsto foreigners, and provides both a most favoured nation clause, as well as diplomatic representation.
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The Corn Laws are repealed; free trade in grain strengthens the British economy By increasing trade with exporting nations
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Revolutions of 1848, 1848, Revolutions of: coloured print depicting revolt in Paris, 1848Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbisseries of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire
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Second Sikh war; the British East India Company subjugates the Sikh Empire, and annexes Punjab
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Indian Mutiny suppressed. It has major long-term impact on reluctance to grant independence to Indians
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The government of India transferred from East India Company to the crown; the government appoints a viceroy. He rules portions of India directly, and dominates local princes in the other portions. British rule guarantees that local wars will not happen inside India
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French intervention in Mexico; United States demands French withdrawal after 1865; France removes its army, and its puppet Emperor is executed.
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Treaty of Saigon; France occupies three provinces in southern Vietnam
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France establishes a protectorate over Cambodia
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Second Treaty of Saigon, France controls all of South Vietnam
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Britain, France, Germany, Portugal and Italy join in the Scramble for Africa
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Austria occupies Bosnia-Herzegovina while Ottoman Empire is at war with Russia
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France makes Vietnam a colony.
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The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.
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King Leopold of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State, under his personal control. There is no role for the government of Belgium until the King's financial difficulties lead to a series of loans; it takes over in 1908
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France makes Laos a Protectorate
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Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
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Creation of French West Africa
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Fashoda Incident in Africa threatens war between France and Britain; Settled peacefully
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United States demands that Spain immediately reform its rule in Cuba; Spain procrastinates; US wins short Spanish–American War
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In Treaty of Paris, US obtains the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and makes Cuba a protectorate. For the first time US has an overseas empire