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- Europe is politically divided (Christendom)
- Feudal World
- First Estate → The clergy (5% of population)
- Second Estate → The Nobility (3-5% of population)
- Third Estate → Peasantry (90% of population)
- Three centuries of population growth (overpopulated)
- Agricultural Crisis (Famine, malnutrition, and disease)
- Partible Inheritance
- Some families will divide their land equally among their children
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Most ruthless king in England's history
a) Conquest of Wales (1277-1295) -
Equally Ruthless as Edward I
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Issued decree by Boniface VIII that all kings had to acknowledge his authority over their own kingdoms or be excommunicated.
- Primary concern was the Monarchy (both British and French) was taxing the church -
- Avg. drop of about 2 degrees C° across europe
- Longer, wetter winters
- Shorter growing seasons
- Less food
- Continental agricultural Decline
- Avg. drop of about 2 degrees C° across europe
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Italian Poet
Greatest Scholar of his day
Coined the term “Dark Ages”
- Advocated for study of humanities
- Advocate of classical greatness -
Elected Pope through the machinations of Philip IV of France
- Papal Capital moved to Avignon, France --> Lasted about 70 years -
(1) Conflict with Boniface VIII (Pope)
-Primarily with King Philip IV of France
(2) Election of Clement V
(3) Name refers to the time period where the Papal Capital is in Avignon, France
-Popes were put out of Rome -
Italian Writer
One of the first writers to use Italian language in his work
Studied Law in Naples
Decameron (1348) -
- After King Charles IV Died, he believed he would be crowned King of France
- Mother was a French princess so he had a legitimate claim to the French Crown
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Edward III vs. Philip VI (Count of Valois)
French did not want Edward (underage and King of England) to be king of France
(1) The Salic Law -
King Edward III Invades Flounder to take the French Crown
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- Hundred Years' War is said to have started on May 24, 1337, with the confiscation of the English-held duchy of Guyenne by French King Philip VI
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- Edward III of England
- Philip Count of Valois
- a series of armed conflicts fought between the kingdoms of
England and France during the Late Middle Ages - originated from English claims to the French throne
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Petrarch Crowned Poet Laureate by king of Naples -
(1) England had well-trained Welsh Bowman (More efficient and effective than their Italian crossbowman counterparts)
(2) Emergence of Firepower (Ranged weapons)
(3) 1346 Edward III landed in Normandy, defeating the French King, Philip VI, at the Battle of Crécy -
Bubonic Plague originated in Mongolia (Asia)
Burns itself out in Kiev (1351)
Plague Doctors
God's Wrath (Penance)
Good Priests Died
Scapegoating
Heavily ravaged Italy
Europe’s population in total approximately dropped 40% -
- Written during the outbreak of the black death
- Considered one of the greatest works of fiction
- Vivid and realistic descriptions of life in 14th-century Italy
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- Greek Scholar and Philosopher
- wrote a textbook on Greek grammar - his Erotemata “Questions”, which circulated widely and was the first Greek grammar to be printed (c. 1471)
- key figure in bringing Greek scholarship to Italy.
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(1) Edward (the Black Prince) repeated his success at Poitiers (1356).
(2) By 1360 Edward controlled over a quarter of France.
Captured the French King
(3) French had to pay “King’s Ransom” -
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French had to concede territory to get the king back
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- Character and Ability:
- Patient & good planner
- Not very “strong”
- The Problem of the Free Companies → Du Guescelin
- After the war, leftover Mercenary companies began to rampage through the country
- Hired Du Guescelin to get rid of the other companies
- Over several years controls the problem
- Character and Ability:
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Pedro el Cruel vs. Henry of Trastmára - Spain was an Ally of England against France - King Alfonso XI dies - His son Pedro El Cruel takes over - Pedro’s Brother, Henry, Recruits France to help him overthrow Pedro (in return Spain will become an Ally of France) - Henry of Trastmára kills Pedro personally in 1369 Castille → French Ally
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- Weak
- Grandson of King Edward III
- Unstable → Persecuted lots of people
- Overthrown by Henry IV (the Lancastrian Dynasty)
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Ciompi → unskilled labor workers
(1) Briefly took over the government in Florence -
- The “Well-Beloved”
- Madness (1392) →
- Power slips to Uncle (Duke of Burgundy) and Brother
(Duke of Orleans)
- Civil War Between Burgundians and Armagnacs (Supporters of the King and of Orleans) from 1399 - Open Fighting in France
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100k Peasants were fed up with taxes
(1) All march on England (Richard III)
(2) “When Adam delved and Eve Span, Who then was the gentleman?” -
- Greatest Humanist Scholar before Erasmus
- Disproving the authenticity of The Donation of Constantine (1440)
- Harsh Critic of Scholasticism
- Annotations on the New Testament → Criticism of Jerome’s Vulgate
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- Character and Goal
- Great military strategist
- Truly believed he was the king of France by birthright
- Burgundy Allies with England (1419)
- Northern France Falls to Henry
- Treaty of Troyes (1420)
- Death (Aug. 31, 1422)
- Dies by dysentery (sickness) just 2 years after Treaty
- The Rule of John of Bedford (1422-1435) – Success and Strain
- Character and Goal
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- Welsh Longbow demonstrates its power
- Weather also played a part
- 315 English casualties vs 10,000 French Casualties (exaggeration)
- Major casualties for France
- Many were political leaders
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A deal with Charles VI
Marriage Alliance
Henry V Marries Charles VI’s Daughter
Their Child would be recognized as the King of France by All -
- Competent Commander
- Because Northern France became a position of England French nobles were not willing to go defend that territory
- Things were very Dire for France at this point
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New theme in literature and poetry
(1) Death becomes more immediate in Europe’s psyche
(2) Death Could not be ignored
(4) More anxiety about death and the next life -
- Claimed to hear visions from God
- Needed to go and speak to the King of France so that France could be saved
- Appearance before the Dauphin, Charles VII (Feb. 1429)
- Tries to convince him to fight back
- March to Orleans (May 1429)
- England retreaded from Orleans
- Rheims captured (July 1429)
- Captured (1430), Trial and Execution (1431)
- Captured by the Burgundians &Burned as a witch (Age 19)
- English never regained their footing in the war
- Claimed to hear visions from God
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- Head of the Platonic Academy in Florence from 1462
- Wrote Platonic Theology
- Principal figure in Renaissance revival of Plato Renaissance Neoplatonism
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- Established peace between Burgundy and Charles VII of France
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- Treaty of Arras (1435)
- Charles VII re-takes Paris (1437)
- Surrender of Bordeaux (1453)
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- Gunpowder & artillery overpowers English that were defending Bordeaux
- End of the war
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- Humanist/Neoplatonist author
- Wrote “The Apologia” (1486)
- Wrote “Oration on the Dignity of Man” (1486)
- Interest in the Kaballah -an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism
- The Unity of Knowledge
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- a public discourse composed in 1486
- one of the great manifestos of humanism
- primary idea importance and primacy of human beings.
- Mirandola argues that humans, unlike animals, have the ability to transcend creation and become cherubim.