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President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues E.O. creating NEC consisting of the President, his Cabinet members, and the head of nearly every major Federal agency, commission, and board. Duties included coordination of emergency programs among all agencies involved in national preparedness. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 5.
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Created in response to bombings of European cities during early years of WWII. Given a wide variety of responsibilities including morale maintenance, promotion of volunteer involvement, and nutrition and physical education. Began the development of concrete civil defense plans, including air raid drills, black outs, and sand bag stockpiling. Source: NPTF, 2006, pp. 5-6
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OCD was disestablished in June prior to the end of the war.
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Best known for establishing the DoD and CIA, this act also created the National Security Resources Board (NSRB), which was initially responsible for mobilizing civilian and military support, as well as maintaining adequate reserves and effective resource use in the event of war. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 6.
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Established to recommend a course for the creation of a permanent civil defense agency. Released the Hopley Report which called for the creation of a Federal office of civil defense directly under the President or Secretary of Defense. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 7.
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Established by the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 to formulate national policy to guide state efforts for civil defense planning. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 7.
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New ODM established and assumed functions of old ODM and NSRB.
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Consolidated OCD and FCDA into the Executive Office of the President. Responsible for directing and coordinating the prepared- ness activities of the Federal departments and agencies and for providing unified nonmilitary defense guidance and assistance to State and local governments. Source: DCPA, 1975, p. 17.
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Congress changed the name of ODCM to OCDM to regain "civil defense" identity. Source: DCPA, 1975, p. 17.
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Divided OCDM into Office of Emergency Planning (OEP) and Office of Civil Defense (OCD) under the Executive Office of the President and the DoD, respectively. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 12.
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Killed 259, caused est. $1..44 billion in damage. Source: Lansford et. al., Fostering Community Resilience, p. 9.
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Created the Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO) to manage federal disaster relief at the site of the disaster.
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Issued by President Nixon, it recommended the establishment of a “dual-use approach” to Federal citizen preparedness programs and the replacement of the OCD with the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (DCPA). Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 14.
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The First Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty was signed between the US and USSR.
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Killed 122, caused est. $1.2 billion in damage. Source: Lansford et. al., Fostering Community Resilience, p. 10.
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Distributed preparedness tasks among three agencies. Housing and Urban Development, General Services Administration, and Treasury.
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Provided direct aid to families affected by disasters.
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Begun by Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, the CRP favored a strategy of evacuation rather than sheltering. Under CRP, urban residents would be relocated to rural host counties. Relied on a very long warning time. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 17.
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Created by E.O. 12148 as lead agency for coordinating federal disaster relief activities by absorbing the Federal Insurance Administration, the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the GSA, and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 18.
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FBI's first JTTF formed in NYC.
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Terrorist attacked the US Embassy in April, killing 63. Then attacked the USMC barracks killing 241. Bombings were connected to the IRGC.
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June: TWA Flight 847 from Athens to Rome hijacked by Hezbollah, US Navy diver was murdered by hijackers. October: Palestinian terrorists hijack cruise ship and kill one American. December: Rome and Vienna airport bombings
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Formed the Vice Presidential Task Force on Combating Terrorism to look at the threat of terrorism to the US. Source: Critical Path, p. 55.
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Amendment of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 that defined the process for disaster declaration and outlined federal authority for disaster assistance. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 21.
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Libyan connected terrorists blow up Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland killing all 259 passengers and 11 on the ground.
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Exxon Valdez oil spill, hurricane Hugo, Loma Prieta earthquake
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65 fatalities, est. $27.3 billion in damage.
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Terrorist Ramzi Yousef built a bomb that detonated in the basement parking garage of the World Trade Center in hopes that it would collapse one of the twin towers into the other. The greater plot failed, but the bomb still killed 6 people and injured over 1000.
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Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 was repealed and all remaining FCDA responsibilities were transferred to FEMA. Source: NPTF, 2006, p. 23.
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"The US Policy on Counterterrorism" assigned tasks and responsibilities to various agencies.
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Report of the CIWG was released with its major recommendation a full Presidential commission devoted to looking at Critical Infrastructure. Recommendations became E.O. 13010 which created the Infrastructure Protection Task Force (IPTF) and the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP). Source: Critical Path, p. 78 & 85.
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Bombing of a U.S. military facility in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia that killed 19 Americans.
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The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), was commissioned by the SECDEF to look at US security as the nation moved into the 21st century.
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As a result of the PCCIP's work, President Clinton issued PPDs 62 and 63, "Protection Against Unconventional Threats to the Homeland And Americans Overseas." This document established the Office of the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-Terrorism within the Executive Office of the President. PPD-63, "Protecting America's Critical Infrastructure," created the Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office (CIAO) in the Dept. of Commerce.
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U.S. Congressional Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction was established to assess domestic response capabilities for terrorism involving WMDs.
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2,996 people were killed when terrorists affiliated with al Qaeda flew passenger aircraft into each of the twin towers of the World Trade Center, and the Pentagon. A fourth plane with an unknown destination (possibly the White House or US Capitol) crashed outside of Shanksville, PA after the hijackers were thwarted by passengers.
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Established by E.O. 13228, OHS was set up within the Executive Office of the President "to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks."
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A threat-based color-coded system to communicate to the public about the current terrorist threat level.
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Established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002.
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Aimed to strengthen preparedness for prevention and response to threat of terror or disaster.
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1,353 directly related fatalities, 275,000 homes damaged/destroyed, est. $81.2 billion in damage. Source: NWC, 2006.
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