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The Neolithic Revolution is the known as the time when humans went from hunters and gatherers to settled agricultural societies. This change allowed human to create large and complex societies than later on would cause, social distinctions, gender inequality, social classes and many technological advancements such as metallurgy, pottery, textile production and many others.
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Arduo 8000 BCE, agricultural villages and towns started to emerge all around the globe, each with their own kinds of domesticated animals and plants. This almost simultaneous event shows that humans have an inclination to start agriculture which allows them to build large and complex civilizations.
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Catal Huyuk was a small neolithic village that grew into a bustling town of about 5000 people. Thanks to its proximity to a large obsidian deposit it became a significant village that probably traded obsidian tools for metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry among other products.
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Pottery was one of the first craft industries to emerge along with agricultural societies. Before agriculture, humans didn't store any kind of food for long times of period, and even had to walk large distances to get their food and water resources. However it was until the surge of pottery that humans were able to store food and even liquids for long periods of time. Later on people would discover how to ad shapes and colors to their pots causing the creation of this to become a form of art.
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The early evidence of textile production show how humans were able to domesticate animals and use their skins and natural fibers to create textile products. While the new textile would allow humans to resist the winter, travel places with extremely cold climates, making it one of themes important enterprises in agricultural societies.
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After 5000 BCE, the climate around Africa, started to become much hotter and drier which later on forced human kind and other animal species to move towards more habitable areas like the remaining bodies of Lake Chad or the valley of the Nile river.
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On the following years after the great climate change that created the sahara desert, Egyptian and Nubian societies started to emerge around the nile river. However it was until 3100 that the Egyptian rulers took control over all the territory between the Nile delta and the river’s first cataract to form much larger and powerful kingdom than any other Nubian state.
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On the archaic period Egypt was separated into two lands: Upper(south) and Lower(north) Egypt, each with its own king. One account tells of a king of Upper Egypt named Menes who sent an army down the Nile and defeated the king of Lower Egypt in battle to united the two kingdoms. Menes became the first pharaoh and the creator of an unified Egypt.
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In its earliest days agriculture in south america allowed the chain cult and many other civilizations to rise. Unlike other early agricultures this wasn't found in lower land river valley, but instead it was found at the top. The Chavin ideated a way to use the water of the upper parts to irrigate all their potatoes, quinoa, and maize through small platforms that allowed the water to slowly pass as it went down.
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The Austronesian were people that foraged for food like many other, however due to their ability to create sailing boats an shipping over great distances, they were able to establish themsefs in New Guinea.
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Kingdom periods in ancient Egyptian history were times when the people of Lower and Upper Egypt were unified under the rule of a single pharaoh. The most enduring symbols of their authority and divine status are the massive pyramids constructed during the Old Kingdom which shows the ability of the pharaohs’ ability to marshal Egyptian resources.
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During the Archaic Period, tension was built between the Egyptian and the Nubian, but since Egypt gained great power with its unification Nubians people seemed forced to move their last forces towards lower Nubia, where they established a kingdom called Kush.
Although it wasn't as powerful as united Egypt, the kingdom of Kush was a formidable and wealthy state that dominated the upper reaches of the Nile and even threatened southern Egypt. Late on both Kingdoms started to mix their cultures. -
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The Hyksos were horse riding nomads that used their technological advantages taken from the Hittites and Mesopotamians to conquer Memphis, the capital of Old Egypt. The Hyksos didn't only conquer Egypt, but they also brought new advancements and ideas to it such as Bronze metallurgy, horses and war chariots which would later be used to push them out of Thebes and Memphis to create a much more powerful Egypt (New Egypt).
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This kingdom grow a lot larger an powerful thanks to the new technological advantages that the Hyksos had brought. Pharaohs of the New Kingdom presided over a prosperous and productive society. Agricultural surpluses supported a population of perhaps four million people as well as an army and an elaborate bureaucracy that divided responsibilities among different offices. Instead of building huge pyramids they builded multiple temples for their multiple gods.
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