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under the leadership of Abraham who was led by god
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his capital was Jerusalem
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records from Olympic Games started
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Romulus and Remus
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-magistrates
-consuls
-senate
-Assembly
-dictator
-praetor -
-divided Athens into 10 phyle
-created the Boule
-ostracism -
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all free citizens had the right to the protection of law
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Spartacus led the 3rd one: gladiators
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Julius Caesar
Crassus
Pompey -
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Roman Empire occupied the Jewish territories
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Popmey was murdered by the Egyptian pharaoh after the battle
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he got elected as dictator for 10 years
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-gave Roman citizenship to many
-weakend the Senate
-public work programs, regulations of the use of latifundia
-founded 20 colonies
-Solar calendar: Julian Calendar -
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Mark Anthony
Octavian
Lepidus -
-naval battle
-the Second Triumvirate defeated Brutus and Cassius who later committed suicide -
decisive battle between Mark Anthony and Octavian
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-Octavian went to Egypt where Mark Anthony and his wife Cleopatra committed suicide
-Octavian made Egypt a province of the Roman Empire -
principate of Augustus
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the system of Pax Romana survived
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the HUns were defeated by the Chinese and started to migarte westwards
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Emperor Constantine granbted religious freedom to everyone
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-Emperor Constantine summoned the first synod
-doctrine of Holy Trinity: the unity of Father, Sona and Spirit -
Visigoths against the Roman Empire = victory of Visigoths
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banned the Olympic Games and the worhsip of old Roman gods
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they gave up dual principality and Attila became the sole ruler
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the Huns against the WRE = indecisive but huge losses on both sides
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after Attila died a power struggle started which ended the rule of the Hunnic Empire
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with constant attacks from germanic tribes
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codified the laws of the Eastern Roman Empire
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founded by Saint Benedict at Monte Cassion, Italy
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born in Mecca
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Muhhamad was forced to leave Mecca and went to Medina
-the beginning of the Arab calendar -
Arabs occupied Damascus
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Arabs occupied Jerusalem
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mayor domus
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they couldn't occupy Constantinople
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Charles Martel defeated the Arabs at Poitiers and ended the Arab Conquest
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-mayor domus
-protected the Church form the Lombards and established Papal States -
the Pope crwoned Charlemagne the Roman Emperor
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Frankish Empire was divided into 3 parts: Western Frankish Empire, Eastern Frankish Empire, Central Frankish Empire
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to free the Church from secular power and abolish Simony
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-the Eastern Roman Empire was attacked by Hungarians
-Otto the Grat defeated them and set up the Holy Roman Empire -
11th century - 13 th century
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Roman Chirstianity and Orthodox Christianity
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he was a Benedictine monk who became the Pope
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INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY
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Henry II went to Italy to the Castle of Canossa and stood in front of the castle for 3 days barefoot until the Pope forgave him
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Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clairmont
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Pope Clixtus II and Emperor Henry V signed a contract to solve the prblems between the Papacy and the HRE
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casus belli for the Second Crusade
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-Pope Gregory IX set up a Church court for heretics
- run by the Dominican Order -
14th century - 15th century
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led by Gullaume Caillat
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led by John Ball and Wat Tyler