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religious overhaul after Enlightenment caused people to break with church authority
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thought boyar nobles killed his wife and used police to murder any traitors he perceived. killed his own son.
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earth revolves around the sun.
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Attacks England's Protestants but loses
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will last for centuries
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Astronomer who built a telescope to study the stars and planets and was imprisoned for threatening Church beliefs.
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Parliament made him sign the Petition of Rights, limiting him from
- imprisoning subjects w/o cause
- no taxes w/o Parliament
- no soldier quartering
- no martial law in peacetime He ignored it and started the English Civil War, in which Oliver Cromwell was a general who beat him and he and the Puritans found him guilty of treason and executed him- first public execution of a king. -
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boy became King, built Versailles, replaced nobles with commoners who lived on palace grounds, and repealed Edict of Nantes that supported Protestant tolerance, making Catholic Church happy.
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Manchus invade China and establish dynasty
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social contract versus natural rights (tabula rasa)
- Montesquieu
- Rousseau
- Wollstonecraft
- Voltaire -
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William and Mary were Protestants who were asked to and did overthrow James II, who was Catholic. They and Parliament created a constitutional monarch, with a Bill of Rights
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wanted to westernize Russia, removed nobles and replaced with commoners, raised women's status, opened schools, modernized Russia
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They had land, labor, and capital. Steam engine, railroads, textile factories, and water transportation is improved with new inventions and interchangeable parts.
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advocate for British government and creator of concept that was incorporated into U.S. Constitution.
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Philosophers focus on Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty
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Used writing to fight for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech
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Mughal Dynasty lost power and Indian forces were defeated.
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He believed general loll of society and government should be led by people- inspired French Revolution beliefs.
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Louis XVI helped defeat British army led by General Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia.
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laissez-faire economics (industry and business w/no govt interference), foundation of capitalism
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Storming the Bastille
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peasants revolted against noble houses and women marched on Versailles. king and queen left Versailles, never to return
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disagreed with Rousseau belief that women shouldn't have the same rights as men and encouraged women to fill male-jobs
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Jacobin who changed the calendar, closed Paris churches, and led Committee of Public Safety to kill thousands
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French Army commander encouraged to lead a coup d'etat and took power, creating relationships b/w church and state, published uniform set of laws called Napoleonic Code, and crowned himself emperor
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Caribbean Saint Domingue (Haiti) demanded freedom when they heard of French Revolution. Toussaint L'Ouverture took control of the colony- proved bad for Napoleon. Sold to U.S. President Jefferson for $15m- sale would hurt British.
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supported Enlightenment ideas
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War of 1812, Britain tried to ban international trading to U.S. ports and prevented people from leaving the country to train U.S., so they figured it out on their own.
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Napoleon's last bid for power, but he lost at Waterloo against British and Prussian army.
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declared any areas in U.S. control not allowed to be colonized by European powers.
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Napoleon removed the Spanish king, opening door for revolution, and people didn't feel loyal to his French king and were driven by Locke's Enlightenment ideas. Bolivar united with San Martin and freed Latin American colonies from Spanish rule.
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America should own all of N. America
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European countries took note and began geopolitics to take control of valuable land.
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Egyptian ruler who turned cotton into a cash crops
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Texans revolted against Mexican rule and were annexed into the U.S.
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China succumbs to British navy
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redistributing wealth would create equality- socialism of production outlined in Communist Manifesto
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Mexico cedes Cali and southwest lands
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Britain & France help Ottoman Empire defend itself from Russia to prevent it getting more Ottoman land, but they lose.
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Japan opens ports to U.S. ships
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change through natural selection
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Unhappiness with Treaty of Kanagawa led to rebellion and increased nationalism
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connected Red Sea to Mediterranean
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Large companies like railroads needed money so they started selling stock and companies made great profits.
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Countries like Britain, Russia, Japan, and U.S. became industrialized, wealthy countries that needed more resources to meet demands, so they began to take on Asia and Africa.
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14 European nations divided by establishing how to claim land, no regard for dividing natives of Africa, and no African representative was present.
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Edison- lightbulb and phonograph
Bell- telephone
Wright Brothers- airplane
Ford- car, assembly line, interchangeable parts -
begins trying to assert power and build navy equal to Britain's
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U.S. joined Cuban war against Spain for independence- Spain lost and gave up remaining American colonies
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Chinese peasants and workers resenting privileges granted to foreigners and those who adopted Christianity attacked and laid siege on European cities but failed.
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fight South African apartheid
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U.S. encouraged Panama to rebel against Colombian-controlled govt and once they won, they gifted U.S. with land to build Panama Canal. Canal was built despite problems with disease and opened trade route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
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industrial revolution and Marxist ideas led proletariat- working class- to want power instead of the bourgeoise. This would lead to Bolshevik revolutionary leaders creating the USSR and the Communist Party in honor of Marx.
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Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points- how can be war to end all wars (lasting peace)
Treaty of Versailles- Germany punished
League of Nations- peace among nations -
Students are killed protesting the Treaty of Versailles, which gave Japan Germany's Chinese territories
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led to Britain giving India limited self-governance
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helpd form Chinese Communist Party and encouraged peasants to rise up.
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takes over Italy's governments with support from middle classes, aristocracy, and industrial leaders
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implemented reforms to modernize Turkey: church/state separation, new legal system, women's rights, industrialization
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nationalist revolt led to a modernized country and the new name of Iran.
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European and American companies needed it for industrialized nations.
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passes laws depriving Jews of rights
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Lenin died and Stalin rose to power as a totalitarian and believed Soviet Union should be as powerful as other nations. Used police estate, censored propaganda, religion, and indoctrination to maintain power. 5 Year Plan for economic development limited production of good san caused shortages of housing, food, and goods for people- but production did increase.
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- Phillippines
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Indonesia
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Western side became Federal Republic of Germany
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global fight against communism
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successful plan to provide supplies to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII
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India's national party Congress party vs Muslim League broke into civil war, resulting in Partition: NE India would become Pakistan for Muslims.
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Arab-Israeli wars ensue until Camp David Accords are signed in 1979
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Truman Doctrine implemented to save South Korea from Communist attack.
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Stalin dies and Khrushchev tries to rid the country of his memory and implement peaceful competition with capitalist states but was unsuccessful and unseated.
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led people in civil disobedience, taking economic toll on British through nonviolent protest.
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civil wars, assassinations plague the country.
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French's main colony, problems with modernizing and industrializing, problems with fair elections and wars continue through today
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Khrushchev built missile sites in Cuba.
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U.S. involvement in Vietnam
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granted from Britain
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Vietnamese nationalists and Communists fought together against France and won, but U.S. had to fight Vietcong of southern Vietnam. Northern Vietnam attacked U.S. boats, and Johnson sent troops to fight. Nixon would withdraw them once war became unpopular.
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working with Soviet Union to lessen Cold War tensions an visits Communist China- signed SALT Treaty
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moved away from detente and tried to put more economic and military pressure on Soviet Union
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After winning against Soviet Union, Taliban takes control
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becomes leader of Soviet Union, opens churches and creates more democratic reforms that lead to nationalist movements for revolutions, resulting in Gorbachev resigning and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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set up tariff-free trad among member countries, experiment in economic cooperation
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trade agreement with Canada and Mexico that calls for gradual elimination of tariffs and trade restrictions.
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anti-terrorism dept.