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The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). The 3rd estate took 40,000 letters in the meeting of estate general. -
The Tennis Court Oath is the solemn pledge of union taken on June 20, 1789 in the Salle du Jeu de Paume, in Versailles, by 300 deputies of the Third Estate, joined by some deputies of the clergy and the nobility during the Estates General of 1789. -
The Storming of the Bastille was an event that occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. At the time, the Bastille represented royal authority in the centre of Paris. The prison contained only seven inmates at the time of its storming, but was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of popular conceptions of individual liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide. -
The Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. -
The constitutional monarchy is a brief period of the institutions of French history and the French Revolution. It lasted from September 3, 1791 to September 21, 1792.
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The Insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution, when armed revolutionaries in Paris, increasingly in conflict with the French monarchy, stormed the Tuileries Palace. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. -
The Reign of Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
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Aussitôt après sa chute, le 9 thermidor de l’an II (27 juillet 1794), Maximilien de Robespierre, décrété hors la loi, est exécuté sans procès le 10 thermidor (28 juillet). Il est amené en charrette sur la place de la Révolution (ancien nom de la place de la Concorde) en compagnie de 21 de ses partisans, dont son frère et Saint-Just, pour y être guillotiné. -
The Directory was a French political regime of the directorial type in place during the First Republic, from October 26, 1795 to November 9, 1799. Established at the end of the Terror by the moderate republicans of the Thermidorian Convention, the regime, inspired by a bourgeoisie enriched by speculation on national property and assignats, re-established the censal suffrage, which was used to elect the two legislative chambers, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients
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The Coup of 18 Brumaire brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and in the view of most historians ended the French Revolution. This bloodless coup d'état overthrew the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate. -
The Consulate was the republican regime of France from the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) until the proclamation of the First Empire on May 18, 1804. The Constitution of the Year VIII established an authoritarian regime led by three consuls and in reality by the only First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, who became consul for life in 1802. The Consulate followed the regime of the Directory
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This was an agreement reached between Napoleon Bonaparte, papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution. -
The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
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Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French on Sunday, December 2, 1804, at Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris. It marked "the instantiation of [the] modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda. -
On June 24, 1812, the Grande Armée, led by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, crossed the Neman River, invading Russia from present-day Poland. The result was a disaster for the French. The Russian army refused to engage with Napoleon's Grande Armée of more than 500,000 European troops. -
After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, instead of remaining in the field with his shattered army, Napoleon returned to Paris in the hope of retaining political support for his position as Emperor of the French. He abdicated on 22 June 1815 in favour of his son Napoleon II. On 24 June the Provisional Government proclaimed the fact to the French nation and the world. -
The First Restoration was a period in French history that saw the return of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne, between the abdication of Napoleon I in the spring of 1814 and the Hundred Days, in March 1815. The regime was born following the victory of the Sixth Coalition as part of the campaign of France, while the country was in conflict during the First Empire.
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The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon on 3 May 1814 to the July Revolution of 26 July 1830, but interrupted by the Hundred Days War from 20 March 1815 to 8 July 1815, during which the House of Bourbon was returned to the French monarchy.
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The Congress of Vienna is a conference of diplomatic representatives of the great European powers that took place in Vienna from September 18, 1814 to June 9, 1815.
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The Hundred Days also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile to Paris and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII. This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign, the Neapolitan War as well as several other minor campaigns. The phrase les Cent Jours was first used by the prefect of Paris, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris
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The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821 , was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by the British Empire, France, and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece.
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The Chios massacre was the killing of tens of thousands of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822. Greeks from neighboring islands had arrived on Chios and encouraged the Chiotes to join their revolt. In response, Ottoman troops landed on the island and killed thousands. The massacre of Christians provoked international outrage across the Western world, and led to increasing support for the Greek cause worldwide. -
July Ordinances, also known as the Four Ordinances of Saint-Cloud, were a series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister, 1830. Compelled by what he felt to be a growing, manipulative radicalism in the elected government, Charles felt that as king by right of birth, his primary duty was the guarantee of order and happiness in France and its people; not in political bipartisanship and the self-interpreted rights of implacable political enemies. -
The July Monarchy was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848. It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830). It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon.
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The July Revolution was the second French revolution, after that of 1789. It brought to the throne a new king, Louis-Philippe I, at the head of a new regime, the July Monarchy, which succeeded the Second Restoration. This revolution took place over three days, on July 27, 28 and 29, 1830, known as the "Three Glorious Days". -
In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe.
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The Anglo-Chinese War, also known as the Opium War or the First Opium War was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty between 1839 and 1842. The immediate issue was Britain's determination to force opium sales on China after China's seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade, and threatening the death penalty for future offenders.
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The "Printemps des peuples" refers to the revolutionary movement that took place in a large part of Europe in 1848, with a strong concentration of events between March and June, hence the qualification of "spring".1 Although successfully repressed, these crises were often decisive for the evolution of the countries concerned, in particular Germany, which, in spite of the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, embarked on the path of unification, which was to be completed in 1871.
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The Second Republic, or Seconde République, was the republican regime of France from February 24, 1848, the date of the provisional proclamation of the Republic in Paris, until the proclamation of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as emperor on December 2, 1852. The Second Republic is different from other political regimes in French history, first by its brevity, then because it is the last regime to have been established following a revolution.
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Louis Napoleon , in addition to being the president of France, was also the second Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew of Napoleon I, he was the last monarch to rule over France. -
The Second Empire was the constitutional and political system established in France on December 2, 1852 when Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, the first president of the French Republic, became the sovereign Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, one year to the day after his coup d'état on December 2, 1851. This political regime succeeded the Second Republic.
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The Second Opium War, also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, was a war pitting the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted from 1856 to 1860.
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The Battle of Puebla took place on 5 May, 1862, near Puebla City during the Second French intervention in Mexico. The battle ended in a victory by the Mexican Army over a French expeditionary force. The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a better equipped force provided a patriotic boost to the Mexicans. -
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to reassert its dominant position in continental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisive Prussian victory over Austria in 1866. -
The French Third Republic was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.
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Countries such as France and Britain colonized and divided African lands.
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The Fashoda Incident, also known as the Fashoda Crisis, was an international incident and the climax of imperialist territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The French party and a British-Egyptian force met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare -
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, shot at close range while being driven through Sarajevo, the provincial capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.