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Illness and diseases were Caused by
- evil spirits and demons
-a punishment from the Gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
Trepidation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
Average life span was 20 years -
Physicians were priests
Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
Used therapies such as acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
Average life span was 25-35 years -
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
Life span was 25-35 years -
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
Average life span was 20-30 years
Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included
smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
Average life span was 20-35 years -
Rebirth of Science of Medicine
Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause STILL a mystery -
Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
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Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
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Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
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Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
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John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
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Smallpox vaccine discovered
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Invention of the stethoscope
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Formal training for nurses began
Women became active participants in health care -
First Open Heart Surgery
Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease -
X-Ray Machine developed
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Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed -
Minimal Invasive Surgery
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Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
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Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
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Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins
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Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
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kidney
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liver
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heart
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Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
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artificial heart
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Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
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Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
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Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span -
The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
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Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
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HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
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