-
Illness and diseases were caused by evil spirits
punishment from the Gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines
Trepanation surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull (common)
Average life span was 20 years -
Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches was commonly used as medical treatment
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit
Had a pharmacopeia of medications (mainly used of herbs)
Used therapies like acupuncture
Searched for medical reasons for illness
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Hippocrates is known as the Father of Medicine
greeks where the first to observe the human body and the effects of disease
Believed illness is a result of natural causes (not bad sprits)
Used therapies like massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
good diet, good hygiene, and exercise to prevent disease
Average life span was 25-35 years -
First to organize medical care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious institutions in monasteries and convents
Built the first public health and sanitation systems which were sewers and aqueducts
Galen thought the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
Average life span was 25-35 years -
Emphasis on the study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were the only things used to treat illnesses and diseases
Monks and priests provide care for sick people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
Disease Cause was blamed on the circumstance, but still didn't understand why it happened
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Same practices as the Greek and Romans
1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations
1220-1255: Medical Universities started up
1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases were
- smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, and malaria
Average life span was 20-35 years -
Rebirth of Science of Medicine
Body Dissections- which helped understand anatomy and physiology of body more
1440: Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared all around the world
1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
Didn't know how disease spread
Average life span was 30-40 years -
Knowledge of the human body increased
1500’s: Ambroise Pare, (known as the Father of Modern Surgery) established the use of ligatures to stop bleeding
1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) were able to prescribe, and sell medications
1670: The invention of the microscope helped physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
Cause of disease not known many people died from infections but the microscope did help
Average life span 35-45 years -
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer
1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
1778: John Hunter made scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
Discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
1893: First Open Heart Surgery
1816: Invention of the stethoscope
1860: Formal training for nurses began
Women became participants in health care
Average life span 40-60 years -
Some of the 20th Century Vaccines
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974 -
1901: blood types were discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications-
1922: Insulin
1928: Penicillin
New machines developed -
1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
1953: Heart Lung Machine
1953: Structure of DNA was discovered
and research in gene therapy starts up -
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Started Embryonic Stem Cell Research
1978: Test tube babies
First Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Able to help Identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: Smoke Free Laws
Less 2nd Hand Smoke
1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Able to take “death sentence disease” into a manageable disease
“Normal Life Span”
1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed
2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Figured out more genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: Face Transplants
21st Century Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola