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- Illness and diseases were caused by evil spirits
- Punishment from the Gods
- Witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
- Herbs and plants used as medicines
- Trepanation used (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
- Average life span was 20 years
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- Physicians were priests
- Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
- Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
- Average life span was 20-30 years
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- Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit
- Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs
- Used therapies such as acupuncture
- Began to search for medical reasons for illness
- Average life span was 20-30 years
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- Hippocrates and other physicians
- First to observe the human body and the effects of disease led to modern medical sciences.
- Believed illness is a result of natural causes
- Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
- Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
- Average life span was 25-35 years
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- Organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
- Hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
- First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
- Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
- Life span was 25-35 years
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- Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
- Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
- Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
- Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
- Average life span was 20-30 years
- Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding
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- Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
- 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
- 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
- Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
- 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
- Average life span was 20-35 years
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- Rebirth of Science of Medicine
- Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
- 1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
- 1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
- Average life span was 30-40 years
- Disease cause STILL a mystery
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- Knowledge regarding the human body is increased
- Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
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- Apothecaries (Pharmacies) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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- Invention of the microscope -Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms. -Huge advancement
- Average life span 35-45 years
- Cause of disease still not known
- Some enlightenment due to microscope
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- Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
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- Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals in 1760
- First time to help people be able to see better
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- John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
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- Smallpox vaccine discovered
- Average life span 40-50 years
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- Invention of the stethoscope
- Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
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- Formal training for nurses began
- Women became active participants in health care
- Formal training for nurses began
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- First Open Heart Surgery -Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
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- X-Ray Machine Developed
- Average life span 40-60 years
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- ABO blood groups discovered
- Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
- ABO blood groups discovered
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- Laparoscopic Surgery was created Minimal Invasive Surgery
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- Diptheria – 1921
- Tuberculosis – 1925
- Pertussis – 1927
- Typhus – 1937
- Influenza – 1945
- Oral Polio – 1962
- Measles – 1963
- Mumps – 1967
- Rubella – 1970
- Chicken Pox – 1974
- Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
- Meningitis – 1978
- Hepatitis B – 1981
- Hepatitis A – 1992
- Lyme Disease – 1998
- Rotavirus - 1998
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- Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
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- 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin) New machines developed
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- Kidney Dialysis Machine invented by Dr. Willem Kolff
- First made in the Netherlands
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- First Bone Marrow Transplant
- Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- First Bone Marrow Transplant
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- First Kidney Transplant
- Done by Joseph Murray and his team
- Used the recipient's identical twin as the donor
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- First Liver Transplant
- Done by Thomas Starzl
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- First Heart Transplant
- Finished by Christiaan Barnard and his team
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- Targeted Cancer Therapies Start
- The concept of targeted Cancer Therapies were first proposed by Judah Folkman
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- First Test tube babies
- British scientist Robert Edwards helped to create the first test tube baby Louise Brown
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- First Artificial Heart made
- Paul Winchell was first to make the artificial heart
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- Smoke Free Laws -Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
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- Advances in HIV Medication
- Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease
- Advances in HIV Medication
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- Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research Re-Create lost/damaged tissue
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- The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
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- Human Genome Project Completed
- Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
- Human Genome Project Completed
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- HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
- Discovered by Professor Ian Frazer
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- First Face Transplant
- Done by Bernard Devauchelle
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- Malaria Vaccine
- Ebola Vaccine