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Illnesses and diseases were
-caused by evil spirits and demons
-a punishment from the gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and Plants used ad medicines (morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
Average life span was 20 years -
Physicians were priests
-Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
Bloodletting or leeches were used as medical treatment
The average life span was 20-30 years -
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
-recorded a pharmacopeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
-used therapies such as acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average lifespan was 20-30 years -
Hippocrates (father of medicine) and other physicians
-first to observe the human body and the effects of disease-- led to modern sciences
-believed illness is a result of natural causes
-used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
Average life span was 25-35 years -
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions monasteries and convents
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.
Life span was 25-35 years -
Emphasis on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
Average lifespan was 20-30 years
Disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans -
Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
-
Medical Universities were established
Average Life span was 20-35 years -
Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-major diseases included Smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria -
Rebirth of Science and medicine
Body dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy physiology -
Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-
knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased
Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the father of Modern surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding -
First Anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
Average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause still a mystery -
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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Invention of the microscope
-allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms, huge advancement
Average life span 35-45 years
Cause of disease still not known-many people died from infections
-some enlightenment though due to microscope -
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
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John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-
Smallpox vaccine discovered
-
Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
Average life span 40-60 years -
invention of the stethoscope
-
formal training for nurses began
-women became active participants -
First open heart surgery
-infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with diseas -
X-ray machine developed
-
Rapid growth in healthcare
ABO blood groups were discovered
-found out how white blood cells protect against disease -
Laparoscopic Surgery
-minimal invasive surgery -
New medications were developed
-Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes -
Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
-
New machines developed
-Kidney dialysis machine -
Heart Lung machine
- surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
First bone marrow transplant
-initiated embryonic stem cell research -
Organ transplants
1960-Kidney
1963-Liver
1967-Heart
1982-Artificial Heart -
Targeted cancer therapies
-interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
-identify and kill the cancer cells -
Test tube babies
-
Smoke-free laws
-decrease in 2nd hand smoke -
Advances in HIV medication
-turned a ''death sentence disease" into a manageable chronic disease--normal life span -
Rapid advances in stem cell research
-re-create lost/damaged tissue -
First totally implantable Artificial Heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In -
Human genome project completed
-mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune dieases -
Face transplants
vaccines
2006-HPV
prevents cervical cancer
2015-malaria
2015-ebola