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Illness and diseases were caused by evil spirits and demons Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies Trepanation or trephining (removing a part of the skull The average life span was 20 years -
Physicians were priests Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians life span was 20-30 years -
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body Began to search for medical reasons for illness
The average life span was 20-30 years Recorded a pharmacopeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs Used therapies such as acupuncture -
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
1100: Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, plaque, and malaria 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established The average life span was 20-35 years -
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
Life span was 25-35 years -
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures The average life span was 20-30 years Disease Cause still blamed on the circumstance, but no understanding -
Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians First observing the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences. Believed illness is a result of natural causes Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
Stressed diet, hygiene, and exercise as ways to prevent disease
The average life span was 25-35 years -
Rebirth of Science of Medicine
Body Dissections led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
1440: The invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
The average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause STILL a mystery -
Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
The 1500s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established the use of ligatures to stop bleeding
1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
1670: Invention of the microscope
Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
HUGE advancement
The average life span is 35-45 years -
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding 1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations 1895: X-Ray Machine Developed 1893: First Open Heart Surgery
Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease 1816: Invention of the stethoscope 1860: Formal training for nurses began
Women became active participants in health care
Average life span is 40-60 years -
1901: ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed 1922: Insulin was discovered and used to treat diabetes 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed 1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine 1953: Heart Lung Machine
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions 1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research 1978: Test tube babies
Organ Transplants 1960: Kidney 1963: Liver 1967: Heart 1982: Artificial Heart -
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery 1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
Identify and kill the cancer cells 1990: Smoke-Free Laws
Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke 1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span 1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In 2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases 2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer 2015: Malaria 2015: Ebola