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- Illness and diseases were
- Caused by evil spirits and demons -a punishment from the Gods
- Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
- Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
- Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
- Average life span was 20 years
- Illness and diseases were
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- Physicians were priests
- Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
- Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
- Average life span was 20-30 years
- Physicians were priests
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- Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
- First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
- Believed illness is a result of natural causes
- Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
- Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
- Average life span was 25-35 years
- Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
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- Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
- Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based
mainly on the use of herbs - Used therapies such as acupuncture
- Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based
- Began to search for medical reasons for illness
- Average life span was 20-30 years
- Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
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- First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
- Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
- First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
- Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
- Life span was 25-35 years
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- Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
- Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
- Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
- Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
- Average life span was 20-30 years
- Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding
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Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses -
Medical Universities were established -
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria. -
- Rebirth of Science of Medicine
- Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
- Average life span was 30-40 years
- Disease cause STILL a mystery
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Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared -
Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding -
First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) -
- Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
- Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
- HUGE advancement
- Average life span 35-45 years
- Some enlightenment though due to microscope
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Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
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Invention of the microscope
- Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
- HUGE advancement -
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer -
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals -
John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding -
Smallpox vaccine discovered -
- Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
- Average life span 40-60 years
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Invention of the stethoscope -
First Open Heart Surgery
- Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease -
X-Ray Machine Developed -
- 1901: ABO blood groups discovered
- Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
- New medications were developed
- 1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
- 1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
- New machines developed
- 1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
- 1953: Heart Lung Machine
- Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
- 1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins
- 1901: ABO blood groups discovered
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- 1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
- Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- 1978: Test tube babies
- Organ Transplants
- 1960: Kidney
- 1963: Liver
- 1967: Heart
- 1982: Artificial Heart
- 1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
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- Diptheria – 1921
- Tuberculosis – 1925
- Pertussis – 1927
- Typhus – 1937
- Influenza – 1945
- Oral Polio – 1962
- Measles – 1963
- Mumps – 1967
- Rubella – 1970
- Chicken Pox – 1974
- Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
- Meningitis – 1978
- Hepatitis B – 1981
- Hepatitis A – 1992
- Lyme Disease – 1998
- Rotavirus - 1998
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- 1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
- Minimal Invasive Surgery
- 1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
- Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
- Identify and kill the cancer cells
- 1990: Smoke Free Laws
- Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
- 1996: Advances in HIV Medication
- Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
- 1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
- Re-Create lost/damaged tissue
- 1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
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- 2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
- 2003: Human Genome Project Completed
- Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
- 2005: Face Transplants
- Vaccines
- 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
- Prevent Cervical Cancer
- 2015: Malaria
- 2015: Ebola
- 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)