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Hudsons Bay Company Arrives In Canada
The Hudsons Bay Company arrived in Canada claiming Ruperts Land, an area that belonged to Indigenous peoples. -
The Treaty of Paris is Signed
France cedes Canada to Great Britain forever changing Canada for Indigenous peoples. -
War of 1812 Begins
The War of 1812 sees tens of thousands of Indigenous people fight for their land, independence, and culture, as allies of either Great Britain or the United States. -
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War of 1812
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The first Residential School Opens
The Mohawk Institute in Brantford, Ontario, accepted its first boarding students in 1831. -
Period: to
Residential Schools
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The Gradual Civilization Act is Implemented
The gradual Civilization Act required male Indians over the age of 21 to read, write and speak either English or French. -
The Indian Act is Introduced
The Act aims to eradicate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society. -
The Government of Canada forces the Mohawk people of the Village of Oka to move.
Only a third of the Mohawk people agree to move. -
Potlatch Ceremonys Are Outlawed
The federal government outlawed the potlatch ceremony of Aboriginal peoples. -
First World War Begins
Between 4,000 and 6,000 Indigenous people serve in the Canadian military during the First World War. -
Residential Schools Become Mandatory
First Nations children between 7 and 16 years of age are now required to attend. -
Indigenous People Receive the Right to Vote
Indians receive the right to vote in federal elections, no longer losing their status or treaty rights in the process. -
First Inuit to Enter Parliament
Willie Adams was appointed to the Senate for the Northwest Territories. -
Mohawk Are Forced to Move off their Land in Current-day Montreal
They moved several times finally ending up on a settlement on their hunting grounds at the mouth of the Ottawa river, the settlement was called Kanesatake. -
28 Residential Schools Remain in Canada
Thousands of Indigenous children are still in the system. -
The Village of Oka Announces its Plans to expand the Golf Club Into an 18-Hole Golf Course.
This action would trigger the "Oka Crisis" since the expansion would be built over Kanehsatà:ke’s cemetery and land. -
Grand Chief Clarence Simon demands that the Oka Golf Course project be stopped.
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The Go-ahead is Given For the Golf Course Expansion and is Met With a Barricade
Kanehsatà:ke people immediately erect a barricade on the dirt road that leads to the disputed land. -
The Village is granted an injunction by the Court to remove the barricades
The people in the Pines refuse to dismantle their barricade. The Warriors Society join the people of Kanehsatà:ke and the barricade is reinforced. -
Period: to
Oka crisis
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Several First Nation communities across Canada set up their own blockades
In British Columbia several railways and roads are blocked. -
10,000 people take to the streets of Chateauguay to Protest the Barricades on the Mercier bridge
A resemblance of a Mohawk Warrior is hanged and burned. This happens several nights in a row. -
Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asks Prime Minister Mulroney for Military Intervention in Oka
A week later 4,000 soldiers with more than a thousand vehicles are placed in and around Kanehsatà:ke and Kahnawake. -
Civil protection authorities instruct all remaining citizens in Oka to evacuate.
Fearing an imminent invasion of the community by Canadian troops, the people of Kahnawake evacuate. A convoy of 75 cars leave Kahnawake. They are greeted by a furious mob that throws rocks at the passing vehicles. Several people are injured. -
The Mercier Bridge Barricades are Taken Down and the Bridge Re-opens
The bridge was closed for over a month -
The Army Advances on the Mohawk Barricades Around Kanehsatake.
There are only forty warriors left in the camp. Later that day an army bulldozer dismantles the main Mohawk barricade on provincial road 344. -
The Oka Crisis Ends
After discussions as to what should be done next, the Mokawk Warriors decide to disengage. -
The Last resididential School Closes
In 1969, the system was taken over by the Department of Indian Affairs, ending church involvement. The government decided to phase out the schools, but this met with resistance from the Church, which felt that separated education was the most appropriate approach for Indigenous children. -
The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission is Established
The Commission was established with the purpose of documenting the history and lasting impacts of the Canadian Indian residential school system on Indigenous students and their families. -
Prime Minister Stephen Harper Apologizes for the Residential School System
In Parliament, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivers an apology to residential school survivors and all Indigenous Canadians. -
Idle No More Movement Begins
Four women start Idle No More as a national (and online) movement of marches and teachings. -
Wet’suwet’en Conflict Begins
The conflict began with an interim court injunction in December 2018 ordered people to stop preventing Coastal GasLink workers from gaining access to the road and bridge. -
Period: to
Wet’suwet’en Coastal Gaslink Conflict
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Police come to Enforce the Coastal Gaslink Court Injunction
At the Gidimt'en camp on Jan. 7, 2019, arresting 14 people. -
Organizers at the Wet’suwet’en Blockade ask for Solidarity Protests Across the Country.
Protests at railways across Canada, ferry terminals, major roads, and government offices ensue. -
Rail Blockade Erected in Tyendinaga Over the Wet’suwet’en Coastal Gaslink Conflict
Tyendinaga is in Mohawk Territory near Belleville, Ont.
The railway is blocked with timber and tires. CN shortly follows by shutting down their operations in Eastern Canada -
The Wet’suwet’en Coastal Gaslink Conflict Comes to a tentative end
A Wet’suwet’en hereditary chief say they have reached an arrangement in discussing the pipeline dispute.
