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In the revolution of 1848, mazzini's followers seized the papal states and he proclaimed the roman republic.
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He strengthened the country by promoting industry, building railroads, impoving agriculture, fostering education and enlarging the army,
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Garibaldi was a military leader. He defendes mazzini's Roman republic against the french. He has fought for sardinia against austria and in 1860 he conquered the two sicilies.
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Victor Emmanuel who was king of sardinia piedmont in 1849, retained his nations liberal constituion and fully supported cavours policies. He then became king in 1861
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cavour can be known as brain of unification
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In 18862 the governments requesst for increased military funds was defeated in the prussian legislature; its liberal majority opposed militarism and distrusted Bismark.
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Bismark brought about a war with Denmark over the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia, joined by Austria, easily defeated Denmakr and compelled it to cede Schleswig Holstein.
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Bismark's purpose was to end Austrian power in Germany.
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Brismark now desired a war with France so that the South Germans, by fighting a common enemy and experiencing wartime nationalism, would voluntarily merge into a Prussian-Controlled, unified Gernmany.
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During the Franco Prussian war, the four south german states consented to unification with prussia. In 1871, at the palace of Versailles outside Paris, Bismaek proclaimed WIlliam I as Emperor of the German Empire.