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Osman I gave extreme power--became a strong military force; Pope Urban V calls a crusade--Ottomans exploited Christian disunity; Mehmed sieged Constantinople but failed and wanted to rule a Muslim Roman Empire
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The Pope reaffirmed his and the Church's supremacy in spiritual power. He tried to seize secular power saying that the only way to salvation was through the Church, forcing the people to listen to him
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The war had four phases. In the first three, the French was losing and England was strengthened, gaining Burgundy. In the fourth phase, King Henry V invaded France and won in the battle of Agincour in 1415, but soon after the war turned and England was banished from the mainland forever, mostly with the help from Joan of Arc. The French used crossbows whereas the English used longbows (with the ability to launch faster). Gunpowder and cannons were also introduced at this time.
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Petrach becomes the "Father of Humanism". This event can be seen as the beginning of the Renaissance.
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At this time, the Black Death has infected southern Italy and France. By 1350, it had reached Germany, England, Scandinavia. The disease was contagious and spread by mice and had no noticable cure.
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scandal in the papacy, two popes: one in Avignon and one in Rome; they tried to elect another one so then there were 3--ended up excommunicating them all and the Council of Constance elected Martin V to be pope of all of Europe
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Kingdom of Spain and the duchy of Burgundy joined together by marriage; union of Castille and Aragon created the first Spanish central monarchy; Ferdinand and Isabella sought to impose religious uniformity and purity and determined to defeat Granada (Muslim); France expanded under Louis XI--promoted industry and commerce; English economy grew; Italian city-states: Venice, Florence (Medici, Lorenzo) , Rome struggle for power--invaded by the French
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In 1517 Martin Luther published the 95 theses which questioned the catholic church on issues such as indulgences.
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In 1520 Huldrych Zwingli broke with Rome, and established his reform HQ in Zurich, Switzerland. He was more radical than Luther, saying that bread and wine simply symbolized Christs union
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The Nobles offer to give up their tax exemptions which signifies the accomplishment of what the peasants wanted in the first place.
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The Assembly abolishes all titles of nobility and lost their tax exemptions. This helped to bring about social equality as well as political.
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Argues French Revolution will not end well because it is focused on rationality and does not encompass complexities of human nature.
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On June the 20th in 1971, the French royal family attempted to flee to Austria in the hopes that Emperor Leopold I (Marie Antoinette's brother) would harbour them. However, on the border to austria a French citizen recognized Louis from his portrait on a dollar bill, and he was arrested. This further intensified the negative public opinion towards the Monarchy, increasing calls for a republic rather than simply a constitutional monarchy.
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National Assembly draft constituion with Declaration of Rights of Man as integral to preamble. Creaated balance between rights of King and National Assembly seeking to protect the interests of the people
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Louis XVI declares war of Austria, in the hopes that France would lose and a monarchy would once again be in control of France.
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On April 20 1972, Louis declared war on Austria. At this time, the displaced nobles of France were gathered in Austria, and Louis hoped that his Austrian friends and French nobles would crush the revolution and restore the Bourbon monarchy. Many other monarchical powers like Prussia would join the war, and fighting would continue for 23 years.
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On April 20 1972, Louis declared war on Austria. At this time, the displaced nobles of France were gathered in Austria, and Louis hoped that his Austrian friends and French nobles would crush the revolution and restore the Bourbon monarchy. Many other monarchical powers like Prussia would join the war, and fighting would continue for 23 years.
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The sans-cullottes (without breeches) were frustrated with the Legislative Assembly and attacked the Tuileries palace where the King lived. They demanded universal male suffrage.
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Austrians are approaching Paris and so mass hysteria breaks out. Results in the death of over 1100 inmates . . . . . . . . . .
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Marriage and divorce became civil contracts and therefore could be broken. The new divorce law of September, 1792 let people divorce because they both wanted to, or because of insanity, abuse, criminal conviction, or abandonment. This law was condemned by the Pope and was eventually revoked in 1816. It symbolized the governements desire to control things and their taking of power from the church. Basically, an extension of the de-Christianization campaign.
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The National Convention met and abolished the monarchy, creating the first French republic, answering to people rather than authority.
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Louis xiv was executed on january the 21st 1793, after heated debate among the national convention. One faction of the convention called the Girondins resented parisian militancy and opposed the execution of the king. The Montagnards (Men of the Mountain) were the more militant faction which argued for the execution. Eventually the deputies voted to execute louis, which eliminated the head of the ancient monarchical regime. This also plunged France into the more bloodthirsty reign of terror.
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The Convention set up the Committee of Public Safety, a new twelve member course of government. Robespierre soon took lead in this Committee, using it as a backbone to justify the Terror.
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Robespierre
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The National Convention formally abolished slavery (specifically in the colonies), freeing all black slaves and giving them full rights. This was in response to the slave uprising in Haiti, and was a last gasp effort to get the slaves back on their side after many had joined with the Spanish and British. The most famous black slave that was freed was Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture who eventually became the first governor of Haiti.
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This Counter Revolutionary reaction took place in July of 1974. It rebelled against extremist Reign of Terror policies and the violence it promoted, and ended in the execution of Robespierre and the formation of the directory.
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Constitution powerhouse closes
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Napoleon's whiff of grapeshot ends Parisian uprising
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After being placed in charge of the French army in Italy, Napoleon demonstrated his military prowess by using his small forces to eviscerate the enemy and conquer parts of the penninsula. His success in the campaigns gave him favor among members of the Directory government in Paris and paved the way for his coup by allowing Napoleon to generate a following.
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In fear of an alleged Jacobin plot, the legislative body of the Directory moved out of Paris. That same day, many of Napoleon's followers convinced members of the Directory to retire, giving lead to Napoleon forming a new government as the First Consulate.
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Napoleon understood that crushing the Catholic church would turn rural populations against him, so instead he opted to make the Church reliant on the state power structure. The Articles for the Catholic Church require that all church activities be approved by the state and threatens legal recourse for counter-governmental action by church officials.
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Napoleon saw the need for the standardization of local law codes and drafted the Napoleonic Code to do so. It ensured property rights, religious freedom, and legal equality to all adult males. Though this provided the nation with stability and equality for men, it was oppressive for women in many ways. A wife had no control over property, put in prison for adultery, no vote/choice in the public sphere, and no legal equality.
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Napoleon declares himself Emperor Napoleon I with the blessing of the pope. This led to the establishment of Napoleon as publicly the clear ruler and controller of France.
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The British Navy routed a combined French and Spanish force at sea without losing any ships. This marked Napoleon's first military defeat and sealed off any possibility of either taking control of the seas or decisivly defeating the British.
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This battle is regarded by Napoleons greatest victory. He fought against Alexander I, tsar of russia, and Francis II, emperor of the holy roman empire. It is hence all named the battle of the three emperors. This battle was a resounding victory for Napoleon, and he crushed Austrian resistance, turning them into another "ally" of France.
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Instituted by Napoleon to curb French trade with the United Kingdom. Prevented any kind of exchange by French-controlled European countries. It however did not work and a large smuggling business blossomed.
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Napoleon had no heir from his wife of thirteen years, Josephine. In 1809 he divorced her and married Princess Marie-Louise of Austria in 1810. The next year Napoleon's son was born, Napoleon II, and he was named King of Rome.
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia with between 450,00 and 650,000 men begins. Including prisoners, 380,000 to 450,000 men remained in Russia when Napoleon left. His first major defeat.
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Massive battle between the French and Russians. Resulted in a French victory. 30,000 French Troops and 45,000 Russians died. Important because it resulted in a Russian change of strategy.
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When France began to lose power fighting a two-fronted war against Spain and Russia, the powers decided to join together to conquer Napoleon. With Britain's financial support, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden met in Leipzig and attacked France in the Battle of the Nations. With this huge attack, Napoleon lost many of his German allies, joining the German nationalist "war of liberation".
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Not only did France lose in the Battle of the Nations, but the Netherlands had restored the prince of Orange to power and joined with the Spanish-Portuguese army to fight against Napoleon. With considerable losses here as well, the French Senate exiled Napoleon to Elba because his generals refused to fight on his behalf. The allies restored Louis XVIII to power.
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Between Napoleon's return as Emperor and second restoration of King Louis XVIII, this period includes Waterloo
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Once returning to control France after his initial defeat and exile to Elba, Napoleon ruled until a combined English and Russian force under Wellesly defeated his armies at Waterloo. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena off the coast of Africa where he died in 1826.
