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First established by the Roman Catholic Church in 1559, the Index of Prohibited Books is a list of books deemed heretical or anti-clerical. The image shown is a version published in 1717. It was not until 1966 that the index was abolished by Pope Paul VI [1897-1978].
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Published in the journal called La Caricature, this image exemplifies the response of cartoonists to the very brief abolition of censorship in France. King Louis-Phillipe repealed laws of censorship believing that frenchman should have the right to publish and print their own opinions, however he restored the censorship of drawings in 1835 in the September Laws.
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An example of anti-monarchicist pamphlets for sale in socialist bookstores in Amsterdam. Authors and illustrators were often sentenced to prison or executed for libel against the king. This image presents the king in the form of a Gorilla, thus making mimicry of his criminal life and the degenerate nature of his family.
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An example of these publications is innocently titled "The Art of Shaving Yourself" (see timespan from 1933 to 1945).
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These publications were inherently anti-fasict and anti-regime writings published and distributed illegally throughout Germany and Austria. Hidden behind false details about the author, title, publisher, and place of publication, the seemingly innocent and wholly unrelated covers disguised opposing political topics and intended to protect both the author and the reader.
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During the German occupation De Waarheid was among the most influential resistence newspapers to be distributed in Europe. Issued mainly in Amstredam, De Waarheid routinely attacked German National Socialist ideals and played an important role influencing the February Strike of 1941. The title of this image literally translated reads "Liberated and United Towards a New Era".
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A collaboration between De Gil, a satirical magazine commissioned by the Department of Active Propaganda of the Reich Commission and an illegal group labelled Ons Volk: all 2,500 copies of the issue sold before authorities realized it was illegal.
