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The bubonic plague strikes killing up to 60 percent of the population.
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Cosimo won control of flourence's government. He was the dictator of Florence.
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A craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in new ways. It made making books cheaper and quicker.
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Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. He was constidered to be a true Renaissance man. He painted some of the best-known art such as the Mona Lisa and the Last supper.
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The war began in 1337.The longbow changed warfare when it was created because it could penatrate through body armor and shoot from up higher up. Both sides excperienced major changes.
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Donatello made sculptures more realistic by carving natural postures and exspressions. He made a statue of David, a boy who, according to the bible, grew up to be a king.
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Michelangelo was a Renaissance man also. He excelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. He is most famous for the way he portrrayed the human body in painting and sculpture. His greatest acheivemetns are the dome of St. Peter's, the paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the statue of David.
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Fear led Luther to become a monk. When he was 21 he was caught in a terrible thunderstorm and he was convinced he would die. His parents had wanted him to become a lawyer instead of a teacher or monk.
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Women writers who gained fame during the Renaissance usually wrote about personal subjects, not politics.
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A painting thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, at 16, married Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy merchant of Florence who commissioned the portrait.
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A painting of the school of Athens was for the pope's apartments in the Vatican shows that the scholors of ancient Greece were highly honored.
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Erasmus's most famous work. This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick loversquarrelsome scholoars, and pompous priests.
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Henry became king of England in 1509. He was devout Catholic.
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From 1512 to his death he taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony. All he wanted was to be a good christian, not to lead a religious revolution.
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A story by Niccolo Machiavelli, examines the imperfect conduct of human beings by taking form of a political guide book.
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Tried showing a better model of society. He wrote the book Utopia. In greek Utopia means "no place." It's about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out.
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In 1517, Luther decided to take to the public and stand against the actions of a Friar named Johann Tetzel.
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Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back hes statements. Luther did not take back a word.
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Charles V summoned Luther to the town of Worms to stand trial.
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When Luther returned to Wittenberg. He discobered that many of his ideas were already being put into practice.
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Ignatius began writing a book called Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study.
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German peasants, excited by reformers' talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom.
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Henry was convinced that the 42 year old Catherine would have no more children. He wanted to divorce her and take a younger queen.
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He wrote a book called the Courtier that taught how to be such a person.
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German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces againt Luther's ideas. The princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the argument.
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Henry called Parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws that ended the pope's power in England. Known as the Reformation Parliament.
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Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn, who was in her 20s. Shortly after, Parliament legalized Henry's divorce from Catherine.
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Anne Boleyn is beheaded for being found guilty of treason.
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Calvin published a book expressing his ideas about God, salvation, and human nature.
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Jane Seymour, Henrys third wife, gave him a son named Edward. Jane Seymour died two weeks later. Henry married three more times.
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The pope created a religioous order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. Members were called Jesuits. They would focus on founded schools throughout Europe, to convert non-Christians to Catholicism, and to stop spread of Protestantism.
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Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines. The church's interpretion of the Bible was final. If you substituted your own interpretation it was heretic. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. The Bible and Church were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life, and Indulgences were valid expressions of faith.
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After Henry's death, each of his three children ruled England in turn.
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An Elder. Bruegel was interested in realistic details and individual people. He was skillful at portraying large numbers of people.
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When the Renaissance spred to England in the mid-1500's. Known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I.
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Charles, weary of fighting, ordered all German princes, both Protestant and Catholic, to assemble in the city of Augsburg.
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Parliament followed Elizabeth's wishes and set up the Church of England, Anglican Church.
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Knox put Calvin's ideas to work. Each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders or prebyters.
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Paul IV had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. Catholic bisops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books and burn them in bonfires.
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The most famous writer in the Elizabethan Age. He was regarded as the greatest playwright of all time. Shakespeare was born in 1567 in Stratfor-upon-Avon, a small town about 90 miles northwest of London. He soon was writing many plays and poems and would be performing at the Globe Theatre.
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Catholic mobs began hunting for Protestants and murdering them. The massacres spread to other cities and lasted 6 months. It's believed that 12,000 Huguenots were killed.
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Renaissance ideas began to spred north from Italy.